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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Citations
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2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Items 201–300 of 1,002
Hearing impairment and psychosis revisited
Thewissen, V., Myin‐Germeys, I., Bentall, R. P., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.10.013 · Cited by 94
“These models focus on cognitive biases as an essential element in the development of psychotic symptoms (Bentall, 2003; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDelusions with Religious Content in Patients with Psychosis: How They Interact with Spiritual Coping
Mohr, S., Borras, L., Bétrisey, C., Brandt, P.-Y., Gillièron, C., & Huguelet, P. (2010) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.158 · Cited by 93
Paulik, G. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.768 · Cited by 90
Perceptions of disadvantage, ethnicity and psychosis
Cooper, C., Morgan, C., Byrne, M., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K. D., Hutchinson, G. A., Doody, G. A., Harrison, G. L., Leff, J., Jones, P. B., et al. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.042291 · Cited by 91
Self-citationAllen, P., Freeman, D. H., McGuire, P. K., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Bebbington, P., Green, C., Dunn, G., & Ray, K. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466504x20044 · Cited by 90
Self-citationHallucinations from a Cognitive Perspective
Larøi, F., & Woodward, T. S. (2007) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220701401993 · Cited by 90
Dudley, R. E. J., & Over, D. E. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.376 · Cited by 89
Social Cognitive Impairments and Psychotic Symptoms: What Is the Nature of Their Association?
Fett, A.-K. J., Maat, A., & GROUP Investigators (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr058 · Cited by 89
Carr, S. C., Hardy, A., & Fornells-Ambrojo, M. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.12.001 · Cited by 99
Bardol, O., Grot, S., Oh, H. Y., Poulet, E., Zeroug-Vial, H., Brunelin, J., & Leaune, É. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000094x · Cited by 97
Livet, A., Navarri, X., Potvin, S., & Conrod, P. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.016 · Cited by 99
Relationships between psychiatric symptoms, functioning and personal recovery in psychosis
Best, M. W., Law, H., Pyle, M., & Morrison, A. P. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.026 · Cited by 91
Mansell, W., & Pedley, R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.010 · Cited by 89
Rosen, K. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi017 · Cited by 87
“The potential importance of insight is also proposed in a new cognitive model of psychosis put forward by Garety et al. (2001).”
BackgroundVass, V., Morrison, A. P., Law, H., Dudley, J., Taylor, P. J., Bennett, K. M., & Bentall, R. P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.042 · Cited by 100
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Schizophrenia – A Review of Development, Evidence and Implementation
Tarrier, N. (2005) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000083998 · Cited by 86
“the government body that recommends which treatments should be used in clinical practice. Furthermore, advances in theoretical understandings of schizophrenia from a psychological perspective [”
BackgroundAllen, P., Freeman, D. H., Johns, L., & McGuire, P. K. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.021 · Cited by 84
“This may be similar to the association between delusions and the djumping to conclusionsT reasoning bias that has been reported in both patients with psychotic disorders (Garety et al. 2001; Peters and Garety, 2005) and individuals with prodromal signs of psychosis (Broome et al.”
ResultSelf-citationHallucinations in the general population
Johns, L. (2005) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-005-0049-9 · Cited by 86
Brett, C., Johns, L., PETERS, E. R., & McGuire, P. K. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004650 · Cited by 87
“The model of Garety et al. (2001) emphasizes how negative schematic models of self and world, created by early and current adverse experiences, facilitate external and personal appraisals.”
BackgroundHPA axis function and symptoms in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia
Corcoran, C. M., Smith, C., McLaughlin, D., Auther, A., Malaspina, D., & Cornblatt, B. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.035 · Cited by 85
“Among individuals with vulnerability for psychosis, this anxiety and heightened cortisol secretion in a social evaluative context would be expected to be accompanied by the cognate of suspiciousness, through the use of externalizing appraisals (Garety et al., 2001).”
Stanghellini, G., Bolton, D., & Fulford, W. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs154 · Cited by 85
The Phenomenon of Social Isolation in the Severely Mentally Ill
Linz, S. J., & Sturm, B. A. (2013) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12010 · Cited by 86
The best laid schemas of paranoid patients: Autonomy, sociotropy and need for closure
Bentall, R. P., & Swarbrick, R. (2003) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608303765951195 · Cited by 84
“Nonetheless, overall, the present ndings were contrary to expectation and do not obviously support the hypothesis that self-schemas play a critical role in paranoid ideation, as proposed by ourselves (Bentall et al., 2001) and others (Garety et al., 2001).”
ResultHodgekins, J., French, P., Birchwood, M. J., Mugford, M., Christopher, R., Marshall, M., Everard, L., Lester, H. E., Jones, P. B., Amos, T., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.011 · Cited by 93
Self-citationAutobiographical memory deficits in schizophrenia
Wood, N., Brewin, C. R., & McLeod, H. J. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500342472 · Cited by 83
Metacognitive training for schizophrenia spectrum patients: a meta-analysis on outcome studies
van Oosterhout, B., Smit, F., A, L. K. M., Castelein, S., Staring, A. B. P., & van der Gaag, M. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001105 · Cited by 83
“The focus of therapies and training has moved from a predominantly content-oriented focus (what is the patient thinking?) towards a process-oriented focus on cognitive biases (Garety et al. 2001; Morrison, 2001; Bentall et al. 2009; Bennett & Corcoran, 2010).”
BackgroundNewbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Fisher, H. L. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx060 · Cited by 88
Bell, V., Raihani, N., & Wilkinson, S. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620951553 · Cited by 78
Attachment styles, earlier interpersonal relationships and schizotypy in a non‐clinical sample
Berry, K., Band, R. J., Corcoran, R., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. J. (2007) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608307x188368 · Cited by 89
“Indeed, negative interpersonal beliefs about others and social withdrawal, which are associated with avoidant attachment, have both been implicated in psychological models of positive psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundWard, T., & Garety, P. A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.045 · Cited by 90
Self-citationPsychotic-like experiences, appraisals, and trauma
Lovatt, A., Mason, O., Brett, C., & Peters, E. (2010) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f97c3d · Cited by 80
“These findings are consistent with proposals in cognitive models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; 2007; Morrison, 2001), suggesting that interpersonal trauma may influence the development of cognitive schemas, such as beliefs that others are malevolent and mean one harm, which in turn influence appraisals of anomalo…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA validation of a new measure of activity in psychosis
JOLLEY, S., GARETY, P., ELLETT, L., KUIPERS, E., FREEMAN, D., BEBBINGTON, P., FOWLER, D., & DUNN, G. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.012 · Cited by 78
“symptomatology. However, cognitive models of psychosis (e.g. Garety et al., 2001 )”
Self-citationGrandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives
Knowles, R. J., McCarthy‐Jones, S., & Rowse, G. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.009 · Cited by 87
Krabbendam, L., Myin‐Germeys, I., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., Bak, M., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00343.x · Cited by 79
“Adverse circumstances in childhood and the subsequent development of negative schemas may be another factor contributing to the risk for a psychotic appraisal of certain experiences (23).”
BackgroundImpaired integration of disambiguating evidence in delusional schizophrenia patients
Sanford, N., Veckenstedt, R., Moritz, S., Balzan, R. P., & Woodward, T. S. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000397 · Cited by 79
“…been described as safety behaviours (e.g. ‘the only reason they did not shoot me yesterday was because I took another route to work’) and incorporation (e.g. ‘the only reason they did not shoot me yesterday was because they want me to suffer another day’; Garety et al. 2001; Freeman et al. 2002).”
BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis
Kuipers, E., & Bebbington, P. (2006) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002153 · Cited by 80
“We have been able to test some of the pathways in our model (Garety et al., 2001), and have established in particular, the role of emotion in psychosis, the centrality of appraisal, the separate role of reasoning biases and the effects of social and environmental adversity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCooper-Evans, S., Alderman, N., Knight, C., & Oddy, M. (2008) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010801948516 · Cited by 78
“This may explain why threats presented to their self-esteem during rehabilitation, such as trying to increase their awareness, could be met with resistance (Garety et al., 2001; Kinderman & Bentall, 1996).”
BackgroundAssessing early signs of relapse in psychosis: Review and future directions
Eisner, E., Drake, R., & Barrowclough, C. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.001 · Cited by 81
“For example, Garety and colleagues propose that, in a pre-disposed individual, a sufficiently stressful trigger may lead to ‘anomalous experiences’ which, along with emotional changes, precipitate a search for meaning that eventually results in psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDopamine, cognitive biases and assessment of certainty: A neurocognitive model of delusions
Broyd, A., Balzan, R. P., Woodward, T. S., & Allen, P. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.006 · Cited by 88
Maijer, K., Hayward, M., Fernyhough, C., Calkins, M. E., Debbané, M., Jardri, R., Kelleher, I., Raballo, A., Rammou, A., Scott, J. G., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby119 · Cited by 88
Veling, W., Selten, J., Mackenbach, J. P., & Hoek, H. W. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.024 · Cited by 81
Event attributes and the content of psychotic experiences in first-episode psychosis
Raune, D., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500615x · Cited by 84
“Garety et al. (2001) proposed that certain attributes of aversive environments may encourage particular types of psychological appraisal.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInterpersonal sensitivity in the at-risk mental state for psychosis
Masillo, A., Day, F., Laing, J., Howes, O. D., Fusar‐Poli, P., Byrne, M., Bhattacharyya, S., Nastro, P. F., Girardi, P., McGuire, P. K., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002996 · Cited by 79
“This finding is in line with cognitive models of positive symptoms of psychosis, in which negative beliefs about the self as fragile and vulnerable to threat may lead to a tendency to attribute experiences as externally caused and in turn facilitate the formation and maintenance of paranoid ideation (Garety et al. 200…”
ResultLi, W., Guo, Y., Lai, W., Wang, W., Li, X., Zhu, L., Shi, J., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00564-4 · Cited by 99
“Our findings are also consistent with the cognitive model of psychosis [55], which theorizes that low self-esteem is associated with the development of psychotic symptoms.”
ResultSauvé, G., Lavigne, K. M., Pochiet, G., Brodeur, M. B., & Lepage, M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101854 · Cited by 76
Explaining Transitions Over the Hypothesized Psychosis Continuum
Krabbendam, L., Myin‐Germeys, I., Bak, M., & van Os, J. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01541.x · Cited by 75
Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Garety, P. A., Weinman, J. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Jolley, S., & Bebbington, P. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001225 · Cited by 77
“(1995), amplified to include key aspects of relapse prevention highlighted in our cognitive model (Garety et al. 2001).”
Self-citationToward a world consensus on prevention of schizophrenia
Van Os, J., & Delespaul, P. (2005) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2005.7.1/jvanos · Cited by 75
van Os, J., van der Steen, Y., Islam, M. A., Gülöksüz, S., Rutten, B. P. F., Simons, C. J. P., & GROUP Investigators (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000915 · Cited by 78
“In addition, many studies have suggested an important role of affective dysregulation in the formation of psychotic symptoms (Freeman & Garety, 1999; Garety et al. 2001; Freeman & Garety, 2003; Myin-Germeys & van Os, 2007; Fowler et al. 2012), and molecular genetic studies suggest an overlap between schizophrenia and…”
BackgroundPleasurable auditory hallucinations
Sanjuán, J., González, J. C., Aguilar, E. J., Leal, C., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00336.x · Cited by 75
“These studies have been concerned with the detailed analysis of hallucinatory symptoms and, particularly, of its emotional repercussions (21, 34, 35) while correctly assuming that voices are usually distressing for patients.”
BackgroundDo Child Abuse and Maltreatment Increase Risk of Schizophrenia?
Sideli, L., Mulè, A., Barbera, D. L., & Murray, R. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2012.9.2.87 · Cited by 79
Further evidence of a cumulative effect of social disadvantage on risk of psychosis
Stilo, S. A., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Beards, S., Hubbard, K., Onyejiaka, A. N., Keraite, A., Borges, S., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002993 · Cited by 75
“Cognitive models for psychosis suggest that pre-existing beliefs and on-going appraisals of experiences are crucial for the development and persistence of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001, 2007; Freeman et al. 2002).”
Backgroundvan Oosterhout, B., Krabbendam, L., de Boer, K., Ferwerda, J., van der Helm, M., Stant, A. D., & van der Gaag, M. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000555 · Cited by 75
“CBTp has evolved over the years, whereby the initial focus on the content of dysfunctional thinking has broadened to an additional focus on cognitive processes and biases (Garety et al. 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundPhillips, W. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00307 · Cited by 75
“Such theories have been used to explain hallucinations (e.g., Friston, 2005) and various forms of delusion (e.g., Hemsley and Garety, 1986; Garety et al., 2001; Corlett et al., 2007; Fletcher and Frith, 2009; Clark, 2013).”
MethodDo People With Psychosis Have Specific Difficulties Regulating Emotions?
Lincoln, T. M., Hartmann, M. M., Köther, U., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1923 · Cited by 74
Nelson, B., Amminger, G. P., Yuen, H. P., Wallis, N., Kerr, M., Dixon, L. B., Carter, C., Loewy, R. L., Niendam, T. A., Shumway, M., et al. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12459 · Cited by 78
The Social Causes of Psychosis in North American Psychiatry: A Review of a Disappearing Literature
Jarvis, G. E. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200503 · Cited by 79
A qualitative comparison of psychotic‐like phenomena in clinical and non‐clinical populations
Heriot‐Maitland, C., Knight, M., & Peters, E. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02011.x · Cited by 73
“Isolation has been widely acknowledged in theories of psychosis, largely as it is thought to reduce access to reality testing and more normalizing appraisals of experiences (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSources of Distress in First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Metasynthesis
Griffiths, R., Mansell, W., Edge, D., & Tai, S. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318790544 · Cited by 79
Luhrmann, T. M., Alderson‐Day, B., Bell, V., Bless, J. J., Corlett, P. R., Hugdahl, K., Jones, N., Larøi, F., Moseley, P., Ramachandran, P., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby110 · Cited by 81
Social defeat predicts paranoid appraisals in people at high risk for psychosis
Valmaggia, L., Day, F., Garety, P. A., Freeman, D. H., Antley, A., Slater, M., Swapp, D., Myin‐Germeys, I., & McGuire, P. K. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.050 · Cited by 79
“…a cognitive vulnerability which influences the interpretation and appraisal of daily stressors, and increases the likelihood that anomalous experiences develop into a psychotic disorder(Bentall et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2007; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison and Wells, 2003).”
Self-citationPinheiro, A. P., del Re, E. C., Mezin, J., Nestor, P. G., Rauber, A. S., McCarley, R. W., Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171200133x · Cited by 73
Sibling bullying in middle childhood and psychotic disorder at 18 years: a prospective cohort study
Dantchev, S., Zammit, S., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003841 · Cited by 73
“Childhood trauma has been argued to create a lasting cognitive vulnerability generating negative schemas about the self and the world (Garety et al. 2001).”
BackgroundAppiah-Kusi, E., Fisher, H. L., Petros, N., Wilson, R., Mondelli, V., Garety, P. A., Mcguire, P., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.003 · Cited by 71
Self-citationA review of hearing voices groups: evidence and mechanisms of change
Ruddle, A., Mason, O., & Wykes, T. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.010 · Cited by 70
Shakoor, S., McGuire, P. K., Cardno, A. G., Freeman, D. H., Plomin, R. J., & Ronald, A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu142 · Cited by 76
“Our observations of an association between bullying victimization and PEs are consistent with cognitive psychological theories of the development of PEs.(19) Empirical evidence showing associations between bullying victimization and negative attributional styles have found that children and young adults who had been b…”
Self-citationSalvatore, G., Lysaker, P. H., Popolo, R., Procacci, M., Carcione, A., & Dimaggio, G. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.746 · Cited by 80
Ding, Y., Lin, H., Zhou, L., Yan, H., & He, N. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.042 · Cited by 72
Schneider, M., der Linden, M. V., Glaser, B., Rizzi, E., Dahoun, S. P., Hinard, C., Bartoloni, L., Antonarakis, S. E., Debbané, M., & D, S. E. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.017 · Cited by 72
“In accordance with the cognitive model of psychotic symptoms developed by Garety et al. (2001), attenuated positive symptoms were related to the severity of internalizing symptoms.”
ResultIncorrigibility, jumping to conclusions, and decision threshold in schizophrenia
Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Hottenrott, B., Woodward, T. S., & Moritz, S. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.536084 · Cited by 72
“Freeman, Garety, and coworkers (Freeman et al, 2002 ; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ) suggest that JTC is a prominent cognitive bias for obtaining confirmatory evidence and serves as a core factor underlying delusion formation and maintenance.”
BackgroundHarrow, M., & Jobe, T. H. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn074 · Cited by 72
Atkinson, J. R. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj063 · Cited by 74
Freeman, D., Startup, H., Dunn, G., Černis, E., Wingham, G., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., & Kingdon, D. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.016 · Cited by 71
“Theoretical accounts of psychosis increasingly highlight both affective and cognitive routes to delusions (e.g. Garety et al., 2001; Myin-Germeys et al., 2003; Bentall et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationŠkodlar, B., Henriksen, M. G., Sass, L. A., Nelson, B., & Parnas, J. (2012) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000342536 · Cited by 72
Sheaves, B., Bebbington, P., Goodwin, G. M., Harrison, P. J., Espie, C. A., Foster, F., & Freeman, D. H. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.055 · Cited by 71
“…that sleep disruption and hallucinations are cross-sectionally associated (Koyanagi and Stickley, 2015; Taylor et al., 2015; Sheaves et al., 2016) This study will add to this emerging literature by assessing the cross sectional and longitudinal association between insomnia and hallucinations.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHelping patients with paranoid and suspicious thoughts: a cognitive–behavioural approach
Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2006) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.12.6.404 · Cited by 80
“2) (Garety et al , 2001; Freeman & Garety, 2004).”
Self-citationContent and affect in persecutory delusions
Green, C., Garety, P. A., Freeman, D. H., Fowler, D. G., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x98768 · Cited by 70
Self-citationSchneider, M., Schaer, M., Mutlu, A. K., Menghetti, S., Glaser, B., Debbané, M., & Eliez, S. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0469-8 · Cited by 70
“This goes in favour of Garety’s model of positive symptoms [35], which argues that delusional ideas account for the presence of anomalous experiences and therefore follow the onset of hallucinations in the majority of cases.”
BackgroundAdverse childhood events and psychosis in bipolar affective disorder
Upthegrove, R., Chard, C., Jones, L. A., Gordon‐Smith, K., Forty, L., Jones, I. R., & Craddock, N. J. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152611 · Cited by 70
“This is somewhat counter-intuitive to the accepted cognitive models of the development and maintenance of persecutory beliefs, which are proposed as the result of hyper-vigilance, increased threat to self and cognitive bias of perceived victim status (4, 32).”
BackgroundCan attachment theory help explain the relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis?
Read, J., & Gumley, A. I. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429480911-5 · Cited by 73
Gibson, L. E., Anglin, D. M., Klugman, J., Reeves, L. E., Fineberg, A. M., Maxwell, S. D., Kerns, C., & Ellman, L. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.020 · Cited by 69
“While substantial research indicates that endorsing symptoms as distressing increases the likelihood of a mental disorder, it is unclear whether participants in the D-APPS group were specifically “at risk” for psychotic disorders (Freeman and Garety, 1999; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLearning to trust: trust and attachment in early psychosis
Fett, A.-K. J., Shergill, S. S., Korver-Nieberg, N., Yakub, F., Gromann, P. M., & Krabbendam, L. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000015 · Cited by 69
“Cognitive models of psychosis propose that negative beliefs about others, which are characteristic of attachment insecurity, could play a role in their instantiation and maintenance (Garety et al. 2001; Freeman et al. 2002).”
BackgroundHolding on to false beliefs: The bias against disconfirmatory evidence over the course of psychosis
Eisenacher, S., & Zink, M. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.015 · Cited by 69
Westermann, S., Kesting, M.-L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.005 · Cited by 73
Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study
Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J., Gély-Nargeot, M.-C., & Raffard, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.018 · Cited by 69
“Furthermore, various studies also assessed negative beliefs about the self and their relationship to positive symptoms (Morrison, 2001; Garety et al., 2001; Kilcommons and Morrison, 2005; Stowkowy and Addington, 2012).”
BackgroundBen‐Zeev, D., Morris, S. B., Swendsen, J. D., & Granholm, E. L. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq167 · Cited by 69
“This finding lends support to theories of psychosis, which suggest that delusions are, in part, the cognitive outcomes of individuals’ attempts to explain various anomalous experiences.(26,41,42)”
ResultFamily intervention in early psychosis
McNab, C., & LINSZEN, D. H. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576287.018 · Cited by 68
Social Adversity and Psychosis: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Vulnerability
Jaya, E. S., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw104 · Cited by 74
Attributional style in psychosis—The role of affect and belief type
Jolley, S., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Freeman, D. H., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., & Hemsley, D. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.002 · Cited by 68
Self-citationAffective processes in the onset and persistence of psychosis
Krabbendam, L., & van Os, J. (2005) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0586-6 · Cited by 68
Lancefield, K. S., Raudino, A., Downs, J. M., & Laurens, K. R. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415001108 · Cited by 67
“Alternatively, internalizing symptomol- ogy likely acts to increase the likelihood of misappraisal (Garety et al., 2001), because internalizing disorders are themselves characterized by negative schemas of self, others, and the world, which directly impact the process of appraising stimuli and have…”
BackgroundInfluentialSanjuán, J., Lull, J. J., Aguilar, E. J., Martí‐Bonmatí, L., Moratal, D., González, J. C., Robles, M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.04.011 · Cited by 67
“Our findings suggest the importance of emotional response in the development and treatment of psychotic symptoms (Birchwood et al., 2000; Garety et al., 2001; Freeman and Garety, 2003).”
BackgroundUsing the Brief Core Schema Scales with Individuals at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis
Addington, J., & Tran, L. C. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809005116 · Cited by 67
Ethnic Identity and the Risk of Schizophrenia in Ethnic Minorities: A Case-Control Study
Veling, W., Hoek, H. W., Wiersma, D., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp032 · Cited by 67
“Level of education of father, n (%) No/primary 41 (57) 49 (62) 21 (47) 30 (56) Secondary 25 (35) 22 (28) 19 (43) 18 (33) Higher 6 (8) 8 (10) 4 (9) 6 (11)”
Do different psychotic experiences differentially predict need for care in the general population?
Bak, M., Myin‐Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2005) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.08.003 · Cited by 67
“The single symptom research approach, both at the clinical and subclinical level, is a suitable method addressing pathopsychological mechanisms related to the ontogenesis and subsequent course of separate symptoms [11,23-26].”
Sellers, R., Varese, F., Adrian Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.032 · Cited by 69
Byrne, R. E., & Morrison, A. P. (2010) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00171.x · Cited by 66
Bechdolf, A., Müller, H., Stützer, H., Wagner, M., Maier, W., Lautenschlager, M., Heinz, A., de Millas, W., Janssen, B., Gäebel, W., et al. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr083 · Cited by 66
Lysaker, P. H., Gagen, E. C., Wright, A. C., Vohs, J. L., Kukla, M., Yanos, P. T., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby142 · Cited by 66
Impact of childhood adversities on specific symptom dimensions in first-episode psychosis
Ajnakina, O., Trotta, A., Oakley-Hannibal, E., Forti, M. D., Stilo, S. A., Kolliakou, A., Gardner-Sood, P., Gaughran, F., David, A. S., Dazzan, P., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001816 · Cited by 65
“2008), leading to impaired rational cognition (Garety et al. 2001) and increased paranoid thoughts (Sitko et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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