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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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van Os, J., & Kapur, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60995-8 · Cited by 1,971
Read, J., van Os, J., Morrison, A. P., & Ross, C. A. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x · Cited by 1,534
Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review
Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J.-P. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12 · Cited by 1,237
“Experiences of discrimination may foster a paranoid attributional style that facilitates the development of psychotic symptoms (69).”
BackgroundTHE CONTINUITY OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00103-9 · Cited by 960
“There is a growing body of research on the role of emotions, perceptions, and inferential processes in relation to the onset and persistence of psychotic symptoms (Garety & Hemsley, 1994; Garety et al., 2001), and the coping mechanisms that people use to deal with them (Bak et al.”
BackgroundA cognitive model of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466502760387461 · Cited by 888
Self-citationSchizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model
Howes, O. D., & Murray, R. M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62036-x · Cited by 864
Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004 · Cited by 814
Self-citationPsychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P. E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.5.427 · Cited by 786
Self-citationChildhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences
Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00217.x · Cited by 762
“(19) vulnerability for the development of psychotic symptoms, including sub-clinical psychotic experiences such as low-grade delusional ideation and isolated auditory hallucinations (20).”
BackgroundStress-reactivity in psychosis: Evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis
Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.005 · Cited by 719
Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: An update for the 21 st century
Howes, O., McCutcheon, R., & Stone, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114563634 · Cited by 702
“This hypothesis has been integrated with cognitive models (Garety et al., 2001) to explain the paranoid flavour of many delusional experiences by proposing that social adversity leads to the development of paranoid biases, which adds a persecutory colour to the misattribution of salience (Howes and Murray, 2014).”
BackgroundBarnes, T. R. E., Drake, R., Paton, C., Cooper, S. J., Deakin, J. F. W., Ferrier, I. N., Gregory, C. J., Haddad, P. M., Howes, O. D., Jones, I. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119889296 · Cited by 615
Morgan, C., & Fisher, H. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl053 · Cited by 568
“’’ This further ties in with recent movements in cognitive psychology toward a focus on individual symptoms rather than diagnoses.(32) Disentangling these complex issues is essential if the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis is to be fully understood.”
BackgroundBebbington, P. E., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T., Singleton, N., Farrell, M., Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., & Meltzer, H. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.3.220 · Cited by 562
“Garety et al (2001) have suggested that early events may predispose to adult styles of thinking that foster the emergence of psychotic symptoms, particularly if some later event recapitulates aspects of the early events.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population
Johns, L., Cannon, M. D., Singleton, N., Murray, R. M., Farrell, M., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Meltzer, H. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.4.298 · Cited by 561
“The relationships between paranoia and victimisation and stressful life events are consistent with cognitive psychological theories about the development and maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al, 2001; Freeman et al, 2002).”
Self-citationRelationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration
Morrison, A. P., Frame, L., & Larkin, W. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503322528892 · Cited by 535
“Safety behaviours designed to prevent feared catastrophes but that may also prevent disconfirmation of problematic interpretations have been identified in both patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia ( Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 1998b) and patients with PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000).”
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Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review
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“Among people with severe mental illness, social isolation has been linked to higher levels of delusions [11], lack of insight [12], and high hospital usage [13].”
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“evaluations that others are untrustworthy, bad, devious) may be as important in understanding paranoia either alone or in combination with evaluations of self (Trower & Chadwick, 1995; Fowler, 2000; Garety et al. 2001).”
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Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29611 · Cited by 442
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“This supports both theoretical proposals (e.g. Fowler, 2000; Garety et al, 2001 and Birchwood, 2003) and empirical evidence (e.g. Barrowclough et al, 2003) indicating a role for schematic beliefs in psychotic symptoms independent of mood.”
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Garety, P. A., Freeman, D. H., Jolley, S., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D. G., Kuipers, E., & Dudley, R. E. J. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.373 · Cited by 438
“In a multifactorial model of psychosis, we propose that emotional processes, specifically anxiety and depression, make a distinct contribution to the development and persistence of positive symptoms (Freeman & Garety, 2003; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGreen, C. E. L., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001638 · Cited by 401
“The impact of a particular thought will depend not simply on its presence but also on its interpretation (Garety et al. 2001).”
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Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
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Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper
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“It is a distinctive claim of cognitive models that emotional processes, often previously discounted in psychosis research, act singly or in combination with cognitive biases in vulnerable individuals to increase the risk for positive symptom formation through the resulting appraisal patterns (Garety et al. 2001; Morri…”
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The past and future of delusions research: from the inexplicable to the treatable
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“Key words: psychosis/life events/review/stress/etiology introduction Recent models of psychosis implicate social adversity, broadly defined, in its etiology.(1,2) However, while evidence has accumulated for childhood trauma,3,4 the role of adult life events has received less attention.”
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“The contribution of cognitive processes typically associated with non-psychotic disorders was the focus of the study of delusional beliefs, but it should be noted that the positive symptoms of psychosis are likely to arise from an interaction between psychotic and non-psychotic processes (Garety et al. 2001; Freeman e…”
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“Furthermore, this need for explanation is influenced by cognitive biases, 75 which may be related to a separate risk for psychosis that interacts with the presence of AVH.”
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“72 A vicious cycle can then be established: stress increases dopamine dysregulation, leading to more stress as consequence of the emerging psychotic experiences, and so further dopamine release, which eventually hardwires the psychotic interpretation.”
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“These, in combination with cognitive biases induced by earlier exposures, may be crucial in the formation and maintenance of positive symptoms of psychosis.(12,25)”
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“A JTC style is generally considered to be only one of a number of factors that potentially contribute in complex ways to the formation and retention of delusions (e.g., Garety, Hemsley, & Wessely, 1991; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001).”
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Modafinil Improves Cognition and Attentional Set Shifting in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia
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“It has been claimed that the tendency to accept beliefs on the basis of inadequate information processing may contribute to delusions in patients with schizophrenia (Garety et al, 2001).”
BackgroundNeuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis
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Fluctuations in self-esteem and paranoia in the context of daily life.
Thewissen, V., Bentall, R. P., Lecomte, T., van Os, J., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.143 · Cited by 272
Longden, E., Madill, A., & Waterman, M. G. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025995 · Cited by 248
Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations
Johns, L., Nazroo, J. Y., Bebbington, P., & Kuipers, E. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.2.174 · Cited by 246
Self-citationWiles, N. J., Zammit, S., Bebbington, P., Singleton, N., Meltzer, H., & Lewis, G. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.012179 · Cited by 245
Self-citationTrauma and Hallucinatory Experience in Psychosis
Hardy, A., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D. H., Smith, B., Steel, C., Evans, J., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., & Dunn, G. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000172480.56308.21 · Cited by 239
“Instead, it is argued that trauma is more likely to impact upon emotion, and this affective disturbance directly triggers information-processing abnormalities and shapes hallucinations (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWoodward, T. S., Moritz, S., Cuttler, C., & Whitman, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390590949511 · Cited by 251
“Freeman and colleagues (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001) suggested two such strategies: safety behaviors (e.”
BackgroundLoneliness in psychosis: a systematic review
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Penn, D. L. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1482-5 · Cited by 252
“According to a cognitive model of psychosis [61], emotion such as anxiety have been theorized to contribute to positive symptoms of psychosis such as paranoia [62].”
Hartley, S., Barrowclough, C., & Haddock, G. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12080 · Cited by 234
“(5) suggest that triggers or intrusions give rise to emotional changes, which then feed back into the processing and content of experiences, augmenting their distressing nature and encouraging exploration of possible causes of the affective changes.”
Backgroundde Leede-Smith, S., & Barkus, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367 · Cited by 222
“It seems then, that some shared cognitive component (for example, the externality hypothesis; Garety et al., 2001) may be responsible for the biased attributional process present in both schizotypal and AVH populations.”
BackgroundThe vision of recovery today: what it is and what it means for services.
Farkas, M. D. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 228
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P. E., & Dunn, G. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.671 · Cited by 229
“importance of internal anomalous experiences in triggering a search for meaning that then draws in external events (Fowler, 2000; Freeman & Garety, 2004; Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context
Kirkbride, J. B., Morgan, C., Fearon, P., Dazzan, P., Murray, R. M., & Jones, P. B. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000499 · Cited by 221
“By contrast, less cohesive neighbourhoods may foster paranoid attributional styles that, in some susceptible individuals, may eventually manifest as psychotic 1422 J. B. Kirkbride et al. symptoms (Garety et al. 2001; van Os et al. 2001).”
BackgroundBerry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. J. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.009 · Cited by 222
“Associations between avoidant attachment and positive symptoms and paranoia support cognitive models of psychosis, which propose that negative beliefs and social withdrawal play a role in the maintenance of positive symptoms (Garety et al., 2001) and paranoia in particular (Freeman et al.”
BackgroundBerry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.006 · Cited by 218
Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia
Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270200005 · Cited by 218
Misiak, B., Krefft, M., Bielawski, T., Moustafa, A. A., Sasiadek, M. M., & Frydecka, D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.015 · Cited by 222
What Are the Components of CBT for Psychosis? A Delphi Study
Morrison, A. P., & Barratt, S. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp118 · Cited by 212
What causes the onset of psychosis?
Broome, M. R., Woolley, J. B., Tabraham, P., Johns, L. C., Bramon, E., Murray, G. K., Pariante, C., McGuire, P. K., & Murray, R. M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.007 · Cited by 207
“Firstly, there is a bjumping-to-conclusionsQ data-gathering bias (Garety and Hemsley, 1994; Garety et al., 2001).”
Lecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Laisné, F. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.019 · Cited by 206
“, 2001), as well as the maintenance of psychotic symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
Background“Sleights of mind”: Delusions, defences, and self-deception
McKay, R., Langdon, R. A., & Coltheart, M. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000074 · Cited by 205
Hardy, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00697 · Cited by 224
“Seminal cognitive behavioral models of psychosis addressed how trauma might shape beliefs, intrusions, appraisals and coping responses (Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialRoss, R. M., McKay, R., Coltheart, M., & Langdon, R. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu187 · Cited by 198
Berry, K., Wearden, A. J., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.009 · Cited by 224
Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms
Gibson, L. E., Alloy, L. B., & Ellman, L. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003 · Cited by 220
The Contribution of Social Factors to the Development of Schizophrenia: A Review of Recent Findings
Cantor‐Graae, E. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200502 · Cited by 200
“Negative attributes about the self related to ethnic discrimination may be one part of the process whereby social perceptions are transformed into delusions or abnormal thoughts.(83) Nevertheless, psychotic symptoms could also predispose individuals to increased perceptions of discrimination.”
BackgroundThomas, N., Hayward, M., PETERS, E. R., van der Gaag, M., Bentall, R. P., Jenner, J. A., Strauss, C., Sommer, I. E., Johns, L., Varese, F., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu037 · Cited by 215
The cognitive-behavioural treatment of low self-esteem in psychotic patients: A pilot study
Hall, P. L., & Tarrier, N. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00013-x · Cited by 194
Data Gathering: Biased in Psychosis?
Dael, F. V., Versmissen, D., Janssen, I., Myin‐Germeys, I., van Os, J., & A, L. K. M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj021 · Cited by 191
“Contemporary models of delusions have shown a role for a specific reasoning bias, referred to as a ‘‘jumping-toconclusions’’ (JTC) style of reasoning, in people with active delusions.(1,2) Individuals with delusions may incline”
BackgroundPrevalence of self-reported childhood abuse in psychosis: a meta-analysis of retrospective studies.
Bonoldi, I., Simeone, E., Rocchetti, M., Codjoe, L., Rossi, G., Gambi, F., Balottin, U., Caverzasi, E., Politi, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.003 · Cited by 188
“Dissociative processes and negative beliefs formed as a result of trauma could lead to psychotic experiences (Garety et al., 2001; Kilcommons and Morrison, 2005).”
BackgroundLaithwaite, H., O'Hanlon, M., Collins, P., Doyle, P., Abraham, L., Porter, S., & Gumley, A. I. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990233 · Cited by 187
“It is postulated by Gilbert (2004) that individuals with such experiences are compromised in their ability to generate a model of compassion, and hence the ability to self-soothe.”
BackgroundFowler, D., Hodgekins, J., Garety, P., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., Smith, B., & Bebbington, P. E. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr019 · Cited by 184
Self-citationEnvironmental risk factors for psychosis
Dean, K., & Murray, R. M. (2005) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2005.7.1/kdean · Cited by 198
“Others have focused on the psychological impact of childhood trauma, which may predispose to later psychotic symptoms via changes in cognitive and affective functioning.(76) Child abuse is certainly not etiologically specific for psychosis,(77) but within psychosis what evidence there is points toward a particular rel…”
BackgroundHow psychotic are individuals with non-psychotic disorders?
Hanssen, M., Peeters, F. P. M. L., A, L. K. M., Radstake, S., Verdoux, H., & van Os, J. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0622-7 · Cited by 185
Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis
van Hooren, S., Versmissen, D., Janssen, I., Myin‐Germeys, I., Campo, J. Á., Mengelers, R., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.022 · Cited by 205
“may have important effects on symptom formation (Bentall et al., 1991; Frith and Corcoran, 1996; Garety et al., 2001) as well as on interpersonal relationships and community functioning (Vauth et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialTunnard, C., Rane, L. J., Wooderson, S. C., Markopoulou, K., Poon, L., Fekadu, A., Juruena, M. F., & Cleare, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.037 · Cited by 176
Seal, M., Aleman, A., & McGuire, P. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000156 · Cited by 178
Ullrich, S., Keers, R., & Coid, J. W. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt126 · Cited by 178
Misattribution of speech and impaired connectivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations
Mechelli, A., Allen, P., Amaro, E., Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., Johns, L. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20341 · Cited by 175
“This misattribution is thought to be the fundamental deficit underlying AVH [Frith, 1992; Frith and Done, 1988; Garety et al., 2001].”
BackgroundResultDelusion and self-deception: Affective and motivational influences on belief formation
Bayne, T., & Fernández, J. (2009) · Cited by 176
Cognitive functioning in delusions: A longitudinal analysis
PETERS, E. R., & Garety, P. A. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.008 · Cited by 176
Self-citationSocial networks and support in first-episode psychosis: exploring the role of loneliness and anxiety
Sündermann, O., Onwumere, J., Kane, F., Morgan, C., & Kuipers, E. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0754-3 · Cited by 189
“cognitive models of psychosis [26], emphasising the role of individual appraisals of the unusual experience in the formation and maintenance of symptoms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status
Kirkbride, J. B., Barker, D., Cowden, F., Stamps, R., Yang, M., Jones, P. B., & Coid, J. W. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041566 · Cited by 175
Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)
Law, H., Neil, S. T., Dunn, G., & Morrison, A. P. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.011 · Cited by 172
“Similarly, regression analyses highlight the important role of hope, self esteemandnegative emotion in recovery,which is consistent with the literature on negative emotion and psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; Freeman andGarety, 2003; Smith et al., 2006).”
ResultMackie, C. J., Ryan, N. C., & Conrod, P. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000449 · Cited by 179
“Garety et al. (2001) suggested that the appraisal of PLEs might reflect an interaction between a cognitive dysfunction and adverse life events in the environment.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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