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A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
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“Stress-vulnerability and integrated cognitive models 21,22 posit a role for social, environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis, in addition to genetic and neurodevelopmental features such as a family history of psychosis and low intelligence quotient (IQ).”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These results support biopsychosocial models 21,22,37 that emphasize the importance of environmental and psychological factors in the aetiology of psychosis and need for care.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is likely that persistent PEs only become problematic in the context of pre-existent vulnerabilities, as suggested by contemporary aetiological models of psychosis 21,22,37”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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“According to the cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al. 2001) and the Bio‐Psychosocial Model of Transition to Psychosis (Georgiades et al. 2023), avoidance and social withdrawal, as well as psychosocial stress and interpersonal sensitivity, contribute to the onset and maintenance of psychosis symptoms.”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Garety et al. 2001
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“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is invoked as an explanatory mechanism in models of delusions.4”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“When people with schizophrenia (who have or are prone to delusions) make decisions in an uncertain setting, they tend to draw on less information in reaching that decision than does a person without schizophrenia.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They might also ignore pieces of evidence that contradict that decision.”
From Computational psychiatry: a Rosetta Stone linking the brain to mental illness (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
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Items 601–700 of 1,002
Brosnan, M., Ashwin, C., & Gamble, T. (2011) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.626526 · Cited by 25
“Cognitive models of psychosis with positive symptoms propose that reasoning biases help in developing and maintaining the delusions seen in psychosis (Bentall, Corcoran, Howard, Blackwood, & Kinderman, 2001 ; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001 ).”
BackgroundQuijada, Y., Tizón, J. L., Artigué, J., Kwapil, T. R., & Neus Barrantes-vidal, A. (2012) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00342.x · Cited by 28
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Unusual Experiences in Children: A Case Series
Maddox, L., Jolley, S., Laurens, K. R., Hirsch, C. R., Hodgins, S., Browning, S., Bravery, L., Bracegirdle, K., Smith, P. A., & Kuipers, E. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000343 · Cited by 25
“This is consistent with models of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in adults, which emphasize the importance of the perceived meaning of unusual experiences, rather than their presence or absence (Garety et al., 2001, 2007; Morrison, 2001).”
ResultSelf-citationNeurocognitive capabilities modulate the integration of evidence in schizophrenia
Eifler, S., Rausch, F., Schirmbeck, F. N., Veckenstedt, R., Englisch, S., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Kirsch, P., & Zink, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.056 · Cited by 25
“Among other biases (Garety et al., 2001; Freeman et al., 2002; Moritz et al., 2005) a deficit in belief flexibility has been reported.”
BackgroundHazell, C. M., Greenwood, K., Fielding-Smith, S. F., Rammou, A., Bogen‐Johnston, L., Berry, C., Bibby-Jones, A.-M., & Hayward, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00727 · Cited by 25
“Given the overlap in cognitive-behavioral explanatory models for voices and delusions (Garety et al., 2001), it is possible that for some patients, an intervention for voices would reduce the need for further work targeting delusions.”
BackgroundSocial anhedonia, social networks, and psychotic-like experiences: A test of social deafferentation
Dodell‐Feder, D., Shovestul, B. J., Gates-Woodyatt, J. J., Popov, V. A., & Germine, L. T. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112682 · Cited by 26
Aakre, J. M., Brown, C. H., Benson, K. M., Drapalski, A. L., & Gearon, J. S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.004 · Cited by 25
“, 2009) and negative schemas of the self and the world (Garety et al., 2001) have also been noted in the literature.”
BackgroundGarcelán, S. P., & Cuevas‐Yust, C. (2002) · Psicothema · Cited by 25
The relationships between symptom dimensions and dysphoria in schizophrenia
Guillem, F., Pampoulova, T., Stip, É., Lalonde, P., & Todorov, C. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.06.018 · Cited by 25
“This pattern of relationship among trait anxiety, Bizarre Delusions, state anxiety and Auditory Hallucination could well be understood in reference to recent cognitive models of delusions (Blackwood et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001) and hallucinations (Morrison et al.”
BackgroundPreti, A., Cella, M., Raballo, A., & Vellante, M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.014 · Cited by 29
Cognitive–behavioural therapy for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: the FOCUS RCT
Morrison, A. P., Pyle, M., Gumley, A. I., Schwannauer, M., Turkington, D., MacLennan, G., Norrie, J. D., Hudson, J., Bowe, S. E., French, P., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23070 · Cited by 25
“Hospital inpatient stay (other) 150 (62) Not relevant 155 (63) Not relevant”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf‐esteem in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bemrose, H. V., Akande, I., & Cullen, A. E. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13034 · Cited by 26
“Our finding that lower levels of self-esteem are already present (and prominent) in the 'prodromal' phase of illness supports the hypothesis that LSE is a risk factor for the development of psychotic disorders (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001).”
ResultVarese, F., Sellwood, W., Aseem, S., Awenat, Y. F., Bird, L., Bhutani, G., Carter, L., Davies, L. M., Davis, C., Horne, G., et al. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13071 · Cited by 25
The evolution of cognitive–behavioral therapy for psychosis
Kingdon, D., & Mander, H. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s52267 · Cited by 24
Les expériences réputées psychotiques dans la population générale : essai de problématisation
Évrard, R. (2010) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2010.01.008 · Cited by 21
Jumping to conclusions and perceptions in early psychosis: Relationship with delusional beliefs
Colbert, S., PETERS, E. R., & Garety, P. A. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800903495684 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCognitive triggers of auditory hallucinations: An experimental investigation
Stinson, K., Valmaggia, L., Antley, A., Slater, M., & Freeman, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.12.003 · Cited by 24
Self-citationPsychiatry beyond labels: introducingcontextual precision diagnosisacross stages of psychopathology
van Os, J., Delespaul, P., Wigman, J. T. W., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Wichers, M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000937 · Cited by 25
“2009), depressive symptoms clustering with anxiety symptoms (Kendler & Gardner, 2011), affective disturbance impacting on psychosis (Garety et al. 2001; Myin-Germeys & van Os, 2007), and hallucinations impacting on delusions (Maher, 2006; Smeets et al.”
BackgroundChildhood psychological trauma and psychosis
A, L. K. M. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708002705 · Cited by 23
“…vulnerability, characterized by a tendency to perceive the self as powerless and others as malevolent, which in combination with an externalizing attribution style may lead to paranoid interpretation of anomalous experiences (Bentall et al. 2001 ; Garety et al. 2001, 2007; Birchwood, 2003).”
BackgroundNewbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., Baldwin, J. R., Zavos, H. M. S., & Fisher, H. L. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001420 · Cited by 26
“However, given that psychotic experiences involve altered perceptions of reality such as threat detection biases and persecutory delusions (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001), it is likely that the true relationship between adolescent psychotic experiences and perceptions of neighborhood conditions is bidirect…”
BackgroundDugre, J. R., Guay, J., & Dumais, A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.001 · Cited by 24
The network structure of schizotypal personality traits in a population-based sample
Dodell‐Feder, D., Saxena, A., Rutter, L. A., & Germine, L. T. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.046 · Cited by 26
Ciufolini, S., Morgan, C., Morgan, K. D., Fearon, P., Boydell, J. E., Hutchinson, G. A., Demjaha, A., Girardi, P., Doody, G. A., Jones, P. B., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.030 · Cited by 24
“Studies in patients with chronic psychosis suggest that low self esteem, as a negative schematic model of the self, can play a pivotal role in the translation of unusual experiences into psychotic phenomena (Garety et al., 2001; Krabbendam et al., 2002; Fowler et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialLatent Class Analysis of Delusion-Proneness
Rocchi, M., Sisti, D., Manca, S., Siddi, S., Mura, T., & Preti, A. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31818132a3 · Cited by 23
“…found in healthy persons with delusional beliefs), or to use them in further studies to test the association of these clusters with potentially relevant etiological factors, such as cognitive biases, neuropsychological impairment, and so on (Bell et al., 2006; Freeman, 2007; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultByrne, R. E., & Morrison, A. P. (2014) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12013 · Cited by 23
Wright, A. C., Nelson, B., Fowler, D. G., & Greenwood, K. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102847 · Cited by 27
Self-citationvan der Linden, K., Simons, C. J. P., van Amelsvoort, T., & Marcelis, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00766 · Cited by 23
Golay, P., Laloyaux, J., Moga, M., Libera, C. D., Larøi, F., & Bonsack, C. (2020) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-020-00308-0 · Cited by 21
Croft, J., Martin, D., Madley‐Dowd, P., Strelchuk, D., Davies, J., Heron, J., Teufel, C., & Zammit, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246948 · Cited by 23
Dong, Y., Liu, F., Jiang, Y., & Wei, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711072 · Cited by 26
“This is also consistent with the cognitive model, which suggests that negative beliefs about ourselves may be combined with threatening evaluations of others, such as believing that others are untrustworthy, thereby triggering aggressive behavior [25].”
ResultWyatt, C., Murray, C. D., Davies, J., & Jomeen, J. (2015) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2015.1027181 · Cited by 32
Adult attachment, perceived earlier experiences of care giving and trauma in people with psychosis
Berry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230701879185 · Cited by 23
“Cognitive models of psychosis propose that earlier interpersonal experiences lead individuals to develop beliefs about the self and others, which can facilitate the development and maintenance of symptoms (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundTwins discordant for schizophrenia: psychopathology of the non‐schizophrenic co‐twins
Argyropoulos, S., Landau, S., Kalidindi, S., Toulopoulou, T., Castle, D. J., Murray, R. M., & Picchioni, M. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01205.x · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, anxiety and depressive symptoms in subjects at high genetic risk but who do not, and we assume never will, develop schizophrenia, such as the non-psychotic relatives of schizophrenic probands, are viewed by some as mental states reflecting the aetiological risk for the disorder without contamination from…”
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“(2001) proposed JTC as one of the biased conscious appraisal processes which are crucial in contributing to the perception of anomalous experiences as personally significant and externally caused when the subject is in search for an explanation (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundButter, S., Shevlin, M. E., & Murphy, J. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003562 · Cited by 23
“Rather, they are present across a spectrum of psychopathology and are seen in a range of mental health problems including eating disorders (Cooper and Turner, 2000; Stein and Corte, 2007), social anxiety (Clark, 2001) and psychosis (Bentall et al., 1994; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRathke, H., Poulsen, S., Carlsson, J. M., & Palić, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112898 · Cited by 25
The complex relationships between executive functions and positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Guillem, F., Rinaldi, M. L., Pampoulova, T., & Stip, É. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707002577 · Cited by 23
“All these processes point towards a lack of cognitive flexibility (Garety et al. 1997, 2001).”
BackgroundHallucinations and Delusions in Children and Adolescents
Larøi, F., der Linden, M. V., & Goëb, J.-L. (2006) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340006778699756 · Cited by 23
“A number of studies have provided evidence that disturbances in the regulation of cognition modulate positive psychopathological symptoms [40-44].”
BackgroundEmergence and Dynamics of Delusions and Hallucinations Across Stages in Early Psychosis
Mourgues, C., Benrimoh, D. A., Gandhi, J., Farina, E. A., Vin, R., Zamorano, T., Parekh, D., MALLA, A. K., Joober, R., Lepage, M., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.891 · Cited by 22
Why Is Clozapine Uniquely Effective in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia? A Review and Proposal
Murray, R. M., Egerton, A., Gao, Y., Grace, A. A., Howes, O. D., Jauhar, S., Leucht, S., Chen, E. Y. H., MacCabe, J. H., McCutcheon, R. A., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.06.011 · Cited by 27
Is the content of persecutory delusions relevant to self-esteem?
Sundag, J., Lincoln, T. M., Hartmann, M. M., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2014.947616 · Cited by 22
Reininghaus, U., Rauschenberg, C., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Simons, C. J. P., Günther, N., Pries, L.-K., Gülöksüz, S., Radhakrishnan, R., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002209 · Cited by 22
“Contemporary models of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; van Os et al., 2010; Howes and Murray, 2014; Howes et al., 2017) propose various risk factors and mechanisms involved in illness onset, including cognitive biases and deficits, but whether these factors are also associated with transdiagnostic phenotypes remains l…”
BackgroundHutton, P., Rienzo, F. D., Turkington, D., Spencer, H. M., & Taylor, P. J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby153 · Cited by 22
Ascone, L., Schlier, B., Sundag, J., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12208 · Cited by 25
Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Dubreucq, J., & Raffard, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.042 · Cited by 22
Attentional biases to emotional scenes in schizophrenia: An eye-tracking study
Navalón, P., Serrano, E., Almansa, B., Perea, M., Benavent, P., Domínguez, A., Sierra, P., Cañada, Y., & García‐Blanco, A. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108045 · Cited by 22
“Previous theories have pointed out an etiological role for attention to threat in the formation of positive symptoms such as persecutory delusions (Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLawlor, C., Vitoratou, S., Hepworth, C., & Jolley, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23164 · Cited by 24
“Psychological models have long recognized the role of emotion in the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychosis (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 2001; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundHardy, A., Good, S., Dix, J., & Longden, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.946615 · Cited by 22
“CBTp addresses trauma consequences through collaborative development of an understanding of how trauma impacts sensory-perceptual experiences, appraisals, and their behavioral and emotional consequences, providing a validating and normalizing account which may reduce distress (28, 29).”
BackgroundSchizotypal people stick longer to their first choices
Orenes, I., Navarrete, G., Beltrán, D., & Santamaría, C. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.030 · Cited by 22
“The bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) is thought to be associated with schizophrenic delusions and hypothesized as a possible vulnerability factor for schizophrenia (Freeman et al., 2002; Garety et al., 1991; Garety and Freeman, 1999; Garety et al., 2001).”
EMDR in Psychosis: Guidelines for Conceptualization and Treatment
van den Berg, D. P. G., van der Vleugel, B. M., Staring, A. B. P., de Bont, P. A. J. M., & de Jongh, A. (2013) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.4.208 · Cited by 22
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy of delusions: mental imagery within a goal‐directed framework
Serruya, G., & Grant, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20616 · Cited by 22
Moral Emotions and Social Economic Games in Paranoia
Savulich, G., Jeanes, H., Rossides, N., Kaur, S., Zacharia, A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00615 · Cited by 20
“Clinical implications include increased specificity of impaired emotional processes in cognitive models of threat beliefs (9, 10), in which shameful feelings in response to deliberate harm were shown to be one type of negative self-evaluation predicted by delusion proneness.”
BackgroundInfluentialBortolotti, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97202-2 · Cited by 25
Lafit, G., Tuerlinckx, F., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Ceulemans, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53795-x · Cited by 22
Mysticism and madness: Different aspects of the same human experience?
Heriot-Maitland, C. (2008) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670701287680 · Cited by 22
“One such model, which has been developed by Garety et al. (2001), is outlined in Figure 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSPAUWEN, J., & van Os, J. (2006) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002128 · Cited by 22
“Individuals with a genetic liability to schizophrenia may be less likely to have their early abnormal mental states corrected in urban areas with lower levels of informal social control, resulting in higher rates of expression of psychosis (van Os et al, 2005) Similarly, aspects of the wider social environment such as…”
BackgroundThe Expanding Psychosis Phenotype
Krabbendam, L., Myin‐Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2004) · Lirias (KU Leuven) · Cited by 21
Effects of Actissist, a digital health intervention for early psychosis: A randomized clinical trial
Bucci, S., Berry, N., Ainsworth, J. D., Berry, K., Edge, D., Eisner, E., Emsley, R., Forbes, G., Hassan, L., Lewis, S. W., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116025 · Cited by 22
“The Actissist intervention is theoretically underpinned by the cognitive maintenance model of psychosis which hypothesises that cognitive ap-praisals contribute to the development of unhelpful beliefs and influence the interpretation of psychotic experiences (Morrison, 2001; Garety et al., 2001).”
Rauschenberg, C., Reininghaus, U., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Simons, C. J. P., Günther, N., Henquet, C., Pries, L.-K., Gülöksüz, S., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000446 · Cited by 22
“The interpretation of experiences as threatening and of external causation (Freeman, 2016; Garety, Bebbington, Fowler, Freeman, & Kuipers, 2007; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001; Howes & Murray, 2014), combined with altered behaviour and cognitive responses, has been shown to be…”
Intolerance of uncertainty and psychosis: A systematic review
Morriss, J., Butler, D., & Ellett, L. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12509 · Cited by 21
“…the formation and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms, including persecutory delusions and auditory hallucinations (‘hearing voices’) (Freeman et al., 2002; Freeman et al., 2012; Garety et al., 2001 ; Knežević delusions, hallucinations, intolerance of uncertainty, paranoia, psychosis, schizophrenia”
Hartley, S., Haddock, G., & Barrowclough, C. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.007 · Cited by 21
Stovell, D., Wearden, A. J., Morrison, A. P., & Hutton, P. (2016) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2016.1145730 · Cited by 21
Gawęda, Ł., Staszkiewicz, M., & Balzan, R. P. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.003 · Cited by 25
Prochwicz, K., & Gawęda, Ł. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.037 · Cited by 22
“Our findings are in line with the cognitive model of psychosis (Garety et al., 2001; Freeman et al., 2002), which also emphasizes the role of both cognitive and emotional processes in the development of psychotic symptoms, they also confirm earlier work of van Rossum et al. (2011) showing that…”
MethodResultInfluentialProchwicz, K., & Kłosowska, J. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.006 · Cited by 24
“This finding is in line with previous studies examining the role of ATB and ETB in DLEs formation [13,22,30,34,49,50], as well as with the cognitive theory of positive psychotic symptoms [15].”
BackgroundResultRedman, S. L., Corcoran, C. M., Kimhy, D., & Malaspina, D. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Liu, J., Subramaniam, M., Chong, S. A., & Mahendran, R. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2466 · Cited by 21
Kim, M., Hwang, W. J., Park, J., Kim, T., Oh, S., & Kwon, J. S. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa080 · Cited by 21
Evidence-based psychotherapy for the prevention and treatment of first-episode psychosis
Müller, H., Laier, S., & Bechdolf, A. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0538-0 · Cited by 20
COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR PREVENTING TRANSITION TO PSYCHOSIS IN HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS: A CASE SERIES
French, P., Morrison, A. P., Walford, L., Knight, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2003) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465803001061 · Cited by 21
The Sociodevelopmental Origins of Psychosis
Morgan, C., & Hutchinson, G. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470684214.ch15 · Cited by 21
Intrusions in trauma and psychosis: Information processing and phenomenology
Marks, E. M., Steel, C., & Peters, E. R. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000505 · Cited by 19
“This would help to change their appraisals of the dangerousness, controllability and source of intrusive experiences and could provide an intervention to reduce the distress and clinical need associated with other, maladaptive appraisals (Garety et al. 2001 ; Morrison, 2001).”
BackgroundNúñez, D., Godoy, M. I., Gaete, J., Faúndez, M. J., Campos, S., Fresno, A., & Spencer, R. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256686 · Cited by 20
“Additionally, our findings revealing associations between PE and cognitive distortions support prior research conducted in the light of cognitive models of psychosis [73,74].”
ResultStress, Environment and Early Psychosis
Xenaki, L., Dimitrakopoulos, S., Selaković, M., & Stefanis, N. C. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230817153631 · Cited by 23
“It has also been supported that an intrusive nature of the life event, i.e ., physical assault or invasive operation, is more highly correlated with psychosis onset, perhaps leading to a hostile perception of the social environment [225, 226].”
BackgroundBendall, S., Jackson, H. J., & Hulbert, C. A. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.028 · Cited by 20
“Another theory that may better reflect the empirical evidence is that childhood trauma leads to negative schematic beliefs about the self and others, which act non-specifically on a vulnerable individual to facilitate psychosis (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundProtective factors in Chinese university students at clinical high risk for psychosis.
Shi, J.-Y., Wang, L., Yao, Y.-H., Chen, F.-Z., Su, N., Zhao, X.-D., & Zhan, C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.036 · Cited by 18
(2017) · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx029 · Cited by 20
Self-citationWestermann, S., Grezellschak, S., Oravecz, Z., Moritz, S., Lüdtke, T., & Jansen, A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.023 · Cited by 22
Intimate partner violence and psychotic experiences in four U.S. cities
Shah, R., Mach, T. V., Fedina, L., Link, B. G., & DeVylder, J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.017 · Cited by 23
Premkumar, P., Dunn, A. K., Onwumere, J., & Kuipers, E. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.009 · Cited by 20
“[47], affect might be the pathway to psychosis, as depression could denote having catastrophic thoughts about the threat posed by criticism.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrown, P., Waite, F., & Freeman, D. H. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.003 · Cited by 20
“Trauma may contribute to the occurrence of paranoia in a number of ways, for example leading to negative schemas concerning the self and others (Bentall et al., 2001; Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMa, K., Yu, J., Shao, W., Xu, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.018 · Cited by 22
Emotion-Regulation in Psychosis: Patients with Psychotic Disorders Apply Reappraisal Successfully
Opoka, S. M., Sundag, J., Riehle, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10163-8 · Cited by 20
Milic, B., Feller, C. M., Schneider, M., Debbané, M., & Löffler‐Stastka, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02975-5 · Cited by 20
The content of attenuated psychotic symptoms in those at clinical high risk for psychosis
Marshall, C., Denny, E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Woods, S. W., et al. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.023 · Cited by 20
“Again, these results may be reflective of the early cognitive changes that are thought to take place in the clinical high risk stage (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundArtists' vulnerability to psychopathology: Towards an integrative cognitive perspective
Papworth, M. A., Jordan, G., Backhouse, C., Evans, N., KENT‐LEMON, N., MORRIS, J., & WINCHESTER, K. J. G. (2008) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01292.x · Cited by 24
Wigman, J. T. W., van Nierop, M., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Lieb, R., Beesdo-Baum, K., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr196 · Cited by 392
Systemic Therapy for Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Pilot Study
Shi, J.-Y., Wang, L., Yao, Y.-H., Zhan, C., Su, N., & Zhao, X.-D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00211 · Cited by 19
“In psychotic disorders, low self-esteem has been demonstrated in both the development of delusions (34) as well as in the maintenance of psychotic symptoms (35).”
BackgroundThinking biases and their role in persecutory delusions: A systematic review
Rossi, G. D., & Georgiades, A. (2022) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13292 · Cited by 22
Pelizza, L., Leuci, E., Quattrone, E., Azzali, S., Pupo, S., Paulillo, G., Pellegrini, P., & Menchetti, M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02564-3 · Cited by 19
“Individual psychotherapy was developed on the cognitive-behavioral model of Garety and colleagues [35] for psychosis.”
MethodLongitudinal relations between symptoms, neurocognition, and self-concept in schizophrenia
Hesse, K., Kriston, L., Wittorf, A., Herrlich, J., Wölwer, W., & Klingberg, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00917 · Cited by 19
Childhood attachment and schizophrenia: The “attachment-developmental-cognitive” (ADC) hypothesis
Rajkumar, R. P. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.017 · Cited by 19
“(3) The finding that adult patients with schizophrenia frequently have insecure adult attachment styles, either anxious or avoidant [39,45]; this would be a direct consequence of their adverse childhood experiences, and may also play a role in the maintenance of symptoms such as delusions and social avoidance [37].”
BackgroundAre Self-Other Discrepancies a Unique Risk Factor for Paranoid Symptoms?
Hartmann, M. M., Sundag, J., & Lincoln, T. M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9583-7 · Cited by 20
“…on the psychological mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of paranoid symptoms emphasize the relevance of a negative view of the self and of others and the corresponding negative emotions (Bentall et al. 2001; Garety et al. 2001; Freeman et al. 2002; Salvatore et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPaget, A., & Ellett, L. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.001 · Cited by 17
Werbeloff, N., Levine, S., & Rabinowitz, J. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0342-3 · Cited by 21
“This is consistent with the notion that discrimination may induce or intensify paranoia which develops into psychosis [ 11 ].”
BackgroundAnilmis, J., Stewart, C. S., Roddy, S., Hassanali, N., Muccio, F., Browning, S., Bracegirdle, K., Corrigall, R. J., Laurens, K. R., Hirsch, C. R., et al. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.008 · Cited by 22
“Cognitive models of adult psychosis delineate the interactions between biopsychosocial vulnerability factors and the cognitive, emotional and social factors that maintain psychotic illness [13,14].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSelf-esteem and Relapse in Schizophrenia
Holding, J. C., Tarrier, N., Gregg, L., & Barrowclough, C. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31829c4ffc · Cited by 19
“Various cognitive models of psychosis have emphasized the influence of negative self-evaluation on psychotic symptoms (Birchwood et al., 2000; Garety et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe role of self-esteem for outcome in first-episode psychosis
Vracotas, N., Iyer, S. N., Joober, R., & MALLA, A. K. (2010) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764010382698 · Cited by 19
“Bentall, 1996) and the maintenance of delusions (Bowins and Shugar, 1998) and hallucinations (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCBT to Address and Prevent Social Disability in Early and Emerging Psychosis
Fowler, D. G., French, P., Hodgekins, J., Lower, R., Turner, R., Burton, S. C., & Wilson, J. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118330029.ch8 · Cited by 19
Self-citationIra, E., Santi, K. D., Lasalvia, A., Bonetto, C., Zanatta, G., Cristofalo, D., Bertani, M., Bissoli, S., Riolo, R., Gardellin, F., et al. (2014) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.948841 · Cited by 18
“However, the link between these experiences and positive symptoms is mediated by the appraisal of experiences (Garety et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-195
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2162176680
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- psychosis, positive symptoms, cognitive models, cognitive processes, symptom maintenance, social factors, neurobiological factors, levels of explanation, phenomenology
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychotic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Environment
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