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Cited by 299Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Dolan, C., Hughes, S., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., Faraone, S. V.·2008·Psychological Medicine
DOI 10.1017/s0033291707002668
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Abstract

Background: A better understanding of the long-term scope and impact of the co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) youth has important clinical and public health implications. Method: Subjects were assessed blindly at baseline (mean age=10.7 years), 1-year (mean age=11.9 years), 4-year (mean age=14.7 years) and 10-year follow-up (mean age=21.7 years). The subjects' lifetime diagnostic status of ADHD, ODD and CD by the 4-year follow-up were used to define four groups (Controls, ADHD, ADHD plus ODD, and ADHD plus ODD and CD). Diagnostic outcomes at the 10-year follow-up were considered positive if full criteria were met any time after the 4-year assessment (interval diagnosis). Outcomes were examined using a Kaplan–Meier survival function (persistence of ODD), logistic regression (for binary outcomes) and negative binomial regression (for count outcomes) controlling for age. Results: ODD persisted in a substantial minority of subjects at the 10-year follow-up. Independent of co-morbid CD, ODD was associated with major depression in the interval between the 4-year and the 10-year follow-up. Although ODD significantly increased the risk for CD and antisocial personality disorder, CD conferred a much larger risk for these outcomes. Furthermore, only CD was associated with significantly increased risk for psychoactive substance use disorders, smoking, and bipolar disorder. Conclusions: These longitudinal findings support and extend previously reported findings from this sample at the 4-year follow-up indicating that ODD and CD follow a divergent course. They also support previous findings that ODD heralds a compromised outcome for ADHD youth grown up independently of the co-morbidity with CD.

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  • Several epidemiological studies find hazard ratios for SUD in ADHD subjects compared with unaffected groups varying from 1.2 to 3, and up to 7.9 for drug dependence.

    “Several epidemiological studies compare ADHD subjects with unaffected groups, and find hazard ratios for SUD varying from 1.2 to 3 [22, 35, 95] and up to 7.9 for drug dependence [68].”

    From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Dolan, C., Hughes, S., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., & Faraone, S. V.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Biederman, J.
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Medicine
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2008-01-21
Volume
38
Issue
7
Pages
1027-1036
ISSN
  • 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8978
DOI
10.1017/s0033291707002668
OpenAlex
W1976198892
Cited by
299
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 27
FWCI
13.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (2r01mh041314-04)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH41314-07)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords
oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, long-term outcomes, antisocial personality disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, smoking, bipolar disorder, boys
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Kaplan-Meier Estimate

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