The lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)

Bernardi, S.; Faraone, S. V.; Cortese, S.; Kerridge, B. T.; Pallanti, S.; Wang, S.; Blanco, C.

doi:10.1017/s003329171100153x

Cited by 251Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)

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Bernardi, S., Faraone, S. V., Cortese, S., Kerridge, B. T., Pallanti, S., Wang, S., Blanco, C.·2012·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s003329171100153xPMC PMC3383088

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Abstract

Background: The aim of the study was to present nationally representative data on the lifetime independent association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric co-morbidity, correlates, quality of life and treatment seeking in the USA. Method: Data were derived from a large national sample of the US population. Face-to-face surveys of more than 34 000 adults aged 18 years and older residing in households were conducted during the 2004–2005 period. Diagnoses of ADHD, Axis I and II disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV version. Results: ADHD was associated independently of the effects of other psychiatric co-morbidity with increased risk of bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, and narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial and schizotypal personality disorders. A lifetime history of ADHD was also associated with increased risk of engaging in behaviors reflecting lack of planning and deficient inhibitory control, with high rates of adverse events, lower perceived health, social support and higher perceived stress. Fewer than half of individuals with ADHD had ever sought treatment, and about one-quarter had ever received medication. The average age of first treatment contact was 18.40 years. Conclusions: ADHD is common and associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders, impulsive behaviors, greater number of traumas, lower quality of life, perceived social support and social functioning, even after adjusting for additional co-morbidity. When treatment is sought, it is often in late adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting the need to improve diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.

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ADHD frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions, particularly depression, bipolar disorder, autism, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.
“Many large epidemiologic and clinical studies show that ADHD often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, especially depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Bernardi et al., 2012
The Results (Lifetime and 12-month comorbidity, Table 2) report frequent psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD, and the Discussion specifically identifies bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. The Discussion also discusses substance use disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and an association with eating disorders reported by prior research; however, this study did not assess eating disorders, and the passages do not establish the claimed co-occurrence with autism spectrum disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A US study of over 36,000 people reported that ADHD increased risks for problem gambling, spending too much money, reckless driving, and quitting a job without a plan.
“A study of over 36,000 people from the US reported that ADHD increased the risks for problem gambling, spending too much money, reckless driving, and quitting a job without a plan for what to do next”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Bernardi et al., 2012
The Results (Impulsive behaviors and number of traumas, Table 3) report higher odds of gambling or overspending problems, reckless driving, and quitting a job without knowing what to do next among adults with ADHD. However, the Method states that 34,653 respondents were re-interviewed, not over 36,000. The paper reports associations rather than establishing that ADHD caused these behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Previous research is mixed, and the percentage of diagnosed individuals who receive pharmacological treatment varies substantially across studies of adults (25-80%) and of older adults (28-88%).
“Previous research is mixed and the percentage of diagnosed individuals who receive pharmacological treatment varies substantially for studies of adults (25-80 %) (Bernardi et al., 2012;Polyzoi et al., 2018) as well as older adults (28-88 %) Polyzoi et al., 2018;Pollak, 2012).”
From Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Bernardi et al., 2012

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Authors: Bernardi, S., Faraone, S. V., Cortese, S., Kerridge, B. T., Pallanti, S., Wang, S., & Blanco, C.
Affiliations: New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
New York University (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
University of Florence (IT)
Corresponding author: Bernardi, S.
ORCID: Bernardi, S.
Faraone, S. V.
Cortese, S.
Kerridge, B. T.
Pallanti, S.
Blanco, C.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2011-08-16
Volume: 42
Issue: 4
Pages: 875-887
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s003329171100153x
PMC: PMC3383088
OpenAlex: W1998097497
Cited by: 251
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 10.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline
European Commission
Shire
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH082773, MH082773)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA020783, DA019606, R01DA023973, DA020783, F31DA025377, DA023200, R01DA019606, DA023973, K02DA023200)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, personality disorders, quality of life, social support, perceived stress, treatment seeking, ADHD medication, delayed diagnosis, inhibitory control, impulsive behavior
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Quality of Life, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Cost of Illness, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

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The lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)

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