Recurrence of major depressive disorder and its predictors in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
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Background: Knowledge of the risk of recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder (MDD) in the general population is scarce. Method: Data were derived from 687 subjects in the general population with a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of MDD but without a current major depressive episode (MDE) or dysthymia. Participants had to be at least 6 months in remission, and were recruited from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Recency and severity of the last MDE were assessed retrospectively at baseline. Recurrence of MDD was measured prospectively during the 3-year follow-up. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to measure time to recurrence. Determinants of time to recurrence were analyzed using proportional hazard models. Results: The estimated cumulative recurrence of MDD was 13.2% at 5 years, 23.2% at 10 years and 42.0% at 20 years. In bivariate analysis, the following variables predicted a shorter time to recurrence: younger age, younger age of onset, higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences, ongoing difficulties before recurrence and high neuroticism. Multivariably, younger age, a higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences and ongoing difficulties remained significant. Conclusions: In this community sample, the long-term risk of recurrence was high, but lower than that found in clinical samples. Subjects who had had an MDE had a long-term vulnerability for recurrence. Factors predicting recurrence included illness- and stress-related factors.
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Using cultural idioms and other cultural concepts has been central to the development and adaptation of psychological interventions for depression that are culturally acceptable and reduce risk of stigmatization.
“Using these idioms and other cultural concepts has been central to the development and adaptation of psychological interventions for depression that are culturally acceptable and reduce risk of stigmatization. 118-121”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Nolen, W. A., & Beekman, A. T. F.
- Affiliations
- Pro Persona (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hardeveld, F.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-31
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-48
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2160377774
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 11.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- European Commission
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Servier
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, recurrence, remission, risk factors, age of onset, episode severity, neuroticism, community sample, Nemesis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personality, Predictive Value of Tests, Recurrence, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models, Young Adult
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