The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: a multiple regression analysis
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Sensitization of stress-responsive neurobiological systems as a possible consequence of early adverse experience has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. In addition to early adversities, adulthood stressors are also known to precipitate the manifestation of these disorders. The present study sought to evaluate the relative role of early adverse experience vs. stress experiences in adulthood in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women. A total of 49 women (normal volunteers, depressed patients, and women with a history of early abuse) underwent a battery of interviews and completed dimensional rating scales on stress experiences and psychopathology, and were subsequently exposed to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor. Outcome measures were plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses to the stress test. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the impact of demographic variables, childhood abuse, adulthood trauma, major life events in the past year, and daily hassles in the past month, as well as psychopathology on hormonal stress responsiveness. Peak ACTH responses to psychosocial stress were predicted by a history of childhood abuse, the number of separate abuse events, the number of adulthood traumas, and the severity of depression. Similar predictors were identified for peak cortisol responses. Although abused women reported more severe negative life events in adulthood than controls, life events did not affect neuroendocrine reactivity. The regression model explained 35% of the variance of ACTH responses. The interaction of childhood abuse and adulthood trauma was the most powerful predictor of ACTH responsiveness. Our findings suggest that a history of childhood abuse per se is related to increased neuroendocrine stress reactivity, which is further enhanced when additional trauma is experienced in adulthood.
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Adaptive diurnal HPA-axis functioning has implications for immune functioning, growth, and sleep.
“Adaptive diurnal functioning of the HPA-axis has implications for other physiological processes such as immune functioning (Heim et al., 2002; Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, & De Bellis, 2006), growth (Kertes et al., 2008), sleep (Buckley and Schatzberg, 2005)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Heim et al., 2002
Adverse childhood experiences affect HPA axis function.
“The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g. physical, psychological, or environmental threats to stable and functional development) on drug dependence (Benjet et al., 2013; Enoch, 2011; Mersky et al., 2013) and HPA axis function are also salient (Carpenter et al., 2011; Heim et al., 2002; MacMillan et al., 2009).”
From Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence (2015) · cites this paper as Heim et al., 2002
Maximum cortisol concentrations were not related to adult trauma or an interaction with adult trauma and child abuse; rather, severity of daily hassles over the past month was negatively associated with cortisol.
“Unlike ACTH, maximum cortisol concentrations were not related to adult trauma or an interaction with adult trauma and child abuse; rather, severity of daily hassles over the past month was negatively associated with cortisol (11).”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Adaptive diurnal functioning of the HPA-axis has implications for other physiological processes such as immune functioning (Heim et al., 2002; Watts-English et al., 2006), growth (Kertes et al., 2008), sleep (Buckley and Schatzberg, 2005) and therefore dysregulation may be related to disruptions in…”
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- Authors
- Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Wagner, D., Wilcox, M. M., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Nemeroff, Charles B.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 117-125
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W2096671017
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institutes of Health (42088)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042088, P50MH058922, MH58922, MH42088)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00039, M01RR000039)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, childhood abuse, ACTH response, cortisol response, women, depression, daily hassles, life events, mood and anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child Abuse, Depression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological
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