Depression and pain: primary data and meta-analysis among 237,952 people across 47 low- and middle-income countries
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BACKGROUND: Depression and pain are leading causes of global disability. However, there is a paucity of multinational population data assessing the association between depression and pain, particularly among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where both are common. Therefore, we investigated this association across 47 LMICs. METHODS: Community-based data on 273 952 individuals from 47 LMICs were analysed. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision depression/depression subtypes (over the past 12 months) and pain in the previous 30 days based on self-reported data. Country-wide meta-analysis adjusting for age and sex was also conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe pain was 8.0, 28.2, 20.2, and 34.0% for no depression, subsyndromal depression, brief depressive episode, and depressive episode, respectively. Logistic regression adjusted for socio-demographic variables, anxiety and chronic medical conditions (arthritis, diabetes, angina, asthma) demonstrated that compared with no depression, subsyndromal depression, brief depressive episode, and depressive episode were associated with a 2.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83-2.55], 1.45 (95% CI 1.22-1.73), and 2.11 (95% CI 1.87-2.39) increase in odds of severe pain, respectively. Similar results were obtained when a continuous pain scale was used as the outcome. Depression was significantly associated with severe pain in 44/47 countries with a pooled odds ratio of 3.93 (95% CI 3.54-4.37). CONCLUSION: Depression and severe pain are highly comorbid across LMICs, independent of anxiety and chronic medical conditions. Whether depression treatment or pain management in patients with comorbid pain and depression leads to better clinical outcome is an area for future research.
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Chronic pain (CP) and mental illness (MI) commonly co-occur.
“Chronic pain (CP) and mental illness (MI) are leading causes of years lived with disability and commonly co-occur.”
From The Effectiveness of Interventions for Improving Chronic Pain Symptoms Among People With Mental Illness: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Veronese, N., Thompson, T., Fornaro, M., Schofield, P., Solmi, M., Mugisha, J., Carvalho, A. F., & Koyanagi, A.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service (GB)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Columbia University (US)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- Butabika Hospital (UG)
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (BR)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Stubbs, B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-06-22
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 2906-2917
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2656747732
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CP13/00150, PI15/00862)
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- depression, pain, comorbidities, low- and middle-income countries, subthreshold depression, depressive episodes, anxiety, chronic disease, global disability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Chronic Disease, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Severity of Illness Index, Global Health, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult
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