Relationship between sedentary behavior and depression: a mediation analysis of influential factors across the lifespan among 42,469 people in low- and middle-income countries
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Background Sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and low mood. There is a paucity of multi-national research investigating SB and depression, particularly among low- and middle-income countries. This study investigated the association between SB and depression, and factors which influence this.Methods Cross-sectional data were analyzed from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. Depression was based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The association between depression and SB (self-report) was estimated by multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses. Mediation analysis was used to identify influential factors.Results A total of 42,469 individuals (50.1% female, mean 43.8 years) were included. People with depression spent 25.6 (95%CI8.5-42.7) more daily minutes in SB than non-depressed participants. This discrepancy was most notable in adults aged ≥ 65y (35.6min more in those with depression). Overall, adjusting for socio-demographics and country, depression was associated with a 1.94 (95%CI1.31-2.85) times higher odds for high SB (i.e., ≥ 8h/day). The largest proportion of the SB-depression relationship was explained by mobility limitations (49.9%), followed by impairments in sleep/energy (43.4%), pain/discomfort (31.1%), anxiety (30.0%), disability (25.6%), cognition (16.1%), and problems with vision (11.0%). Other health behaviors (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking), body mass index, and social cohesion did not influence the SB-depression relationship.Conclusion People with depression are at increased risk of engaging in high levels of SB. This first multi-national study offers potentially valuable insight for a number of hypotheses which may influence this relationship, although testing with longitudinal studies is needed.
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Anhedonia and low energy level can manifest as reduced physical activity, which can be measured using GPS and motion sensors embedded in smartphones or wearable sensors.
“Anhedonia and low energy level can manifest as reduced physical activity (19, 20), which can be measured using GPS and motion sensors embedded in smartphones or wearable sensors.”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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Koyanagi, A., Stubbs, B., & Vancampfort, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202222 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Maternal depression and inflammation during pregnancy
Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Girchenko, P. V., Robinson, R., Lehto, S. M., Toffol, E., Heinonen, K., Reynolds, R. M., Kajantie, E., Laivuori, H. M., Villa, P., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001909 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
McDowell, C. P., Dishman, R. K., Hallgren, M. Å., MacDonncha, C., & Herring, M. P. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Secondly, recent evidence has shown that people with MDD engage in higher levels of sedentary behaviour (Schuch et al., 2017) and that cross-sectionally sedentary behaviour is positively associated with depression (Stubbs et al., 2018).”
Depressive symptoms, handgrip strength, and weight status in US older adults
Smith, L., Stockwell, S., Stubbs, B., Hu, L., Veronese, N., Vancampfort, D., Hamer, M., Gardner, B., & Yang, L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Correlates of sedentary behaviour in Asian adults: A systematic review
Müller, A. M., Chen, B., Wang, N. X., Whitton, C., Direito, A., Petrunoff, N., & Müller‐Riemenschneider, F. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12976 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“3 | Psychological correlates Psychological correlates were examined in six of the 49 studies, five of which regressed them against total SB.(53,55,56,85,97) Outcome expectations (impact of sitting), self‐efficacy, and perceived social support were not associated with SB in the study on Saudi working women.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHe, Z.-F., Tan, W., Ma, H., Shuai, Y., Shan, Z., Zhai, J., Qiu, Y., Zeng, H., Chen, X., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Hallgren, M. Å., Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Smith, L., Rosenbaum, S., Firth, J., Damme, T. V., & Koyanagi, A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.066 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Exercise and Depressive Disorder
Bueno‐Antequera, J., & Munguía‐Izquierdo, D. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_18 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Firth, J., Hagemann, N., Myin‐Germeys, I., Rintala, A., Probst, M., Veronese, N., & Koyanagi, A. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12714 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Smith, L., Stubbs, B., Swinnen, N., Firth, J., Schuch, F. B., & Koyanagi, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203277 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sedentariness: A Need for a Definition
Magnon, V., Dutheil, F., & Auxiette, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00372 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For example, sitting for less than 8 h a day is associated with higher perceived mental health and vitality scores (54) and lower anxiety (16, 54) and depression scores (13, 54).”
BackgroundMoussa, O., Ardissino, M., Kulatilake, P., Faraj, A., Muttoni, E., Darzi, A. W., Ziprin, P., Scholtz, S., & Purkayastha, S. (2019) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12305 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Sedentary lifestyle has been shown to have a strong independent role in depression risk.(24,25) Furthermore, the impact of stigmatization, reduction in access to health care and possible reduction in intimate relationships are also factors that may contribute to the relationship between depression and obesity.”
BackgroundSolmi, M., Koyanagi, A., Thompson, T., Fornaro, M., Correll, C. U., & Veronese, N. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601800077x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Smith, L., Jacob, L., Barnett, Y., Butler, L., Shin, J. I., Sánchez, G. F. L., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061879 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Alberti, A., Coelho, D. R. A., Vieira, W. F., Iser, B. P. M., Lampert, R., Traebert, E., da Silva, B. B., de Oliveira, B. H., Leão, G. M., de Souza, G., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12091994 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Mugisha, J., Firth, J., Schuch, F. B., & Koyanagi, A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.088 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“6 minutes in those with depression) (Stubbs et al., 2018).”
Cocker, K. A. D., Teychenne, M. J., White, R. L., & Bennie, J. A. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106192 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ashdown‐Franks, G., Koyanagi, A., Vancampfort, D., Smith, L., Firth, J., Schuch, F. B., Veronese, N., & Stubbs, B. (2018) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.08.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Werneck, A. O., Hoare, E., Stubbs, B., van Sluijs, E. M. F., & Corder, K. L. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106436 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., Szlejf, C., Suemoto, C. K., Santos, I. S., Goulart, A. C., Viana, M. C., Koyanagi, A., Barreto, S. M., Moreno, A. B., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13109 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The association between depression, CVD, and CVD mortality might be mediated by several biological and behavioral mechanisms and risk factors, such as sedentary behavior (25), poor adherence to lifestyle changes (26) and clinical treatment (27), decreased heart rate variability, higher coronary artery calcium scores,…”
BackgroundSedentary Behavior and Associated Factors Among Working Adults in Eastern Ethiopia
Motuma, A., Gobena, T., Roba, K. T., Berhane, Y., & Worku, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.693176 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sedentary behavior as a potential risk factor for depression among 70-year-olds
Eriksson, M., Nääs, S., Berginström, N., Nordström, P., Hansson, P., & Nordström, A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.035 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smith, L., Shin, J. I., Jacob, L., Carmichael, C., Sánchez, G. F. L., Oh, H. Y., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Pizzol, D., Tully, M. A., et al. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111513 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smith, L., Shin, J. I., Barnett, Y., Allen, P. M., Lindsay, R. K., Pizzol, D., Jacob, L., Oh, H. Y., Yang, L., Tully, M. A., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318864 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sedentary behaviour research in adults: A scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Memon, A. R., Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Schöeppe, S., Urooj, A., Alley, S., Hayman, M., & Vandelanotte, C. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1928382 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…adults (≥18 years), such as obesity (De Rezende et al., 2014; Thorp et al., 2011), low self-esteem (De Rezende et al., 2014), mental health problems (Stubbs et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2020), low physical fitness (De Rezende et al., 2014), all-cause mortality (Dunstan et al., 2010; Grøntved & Hu,…”
BackgroundExercise for depression treatment. Physiological mechanisms
Gultyaeva, V. V., Zinchenko, M. I., Uryumtsev, D. Y., Krivoschekov, S. G., & Aftanas, L. I. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119071112 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, R., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Zhou, M., Zhang, X., & Ma, Y. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12727-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Discussion This study found a positive correlation between prolonged TV viewing (a passive SB) and depression, and this finding was consistent with those in previous studies [21, 33, 47].”
BackgroundResultJiang, Y. L., Zhang, M., & Cui, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.097 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Yuan, Z., Mo, C., Kang, Y., Wang, F., Wei, X., Huang, S., Qin, F., Jiang, J., Liang, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1247705 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Werneck, A. O., Christófaro, D. G. D., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., Cucato, G. G., Stubbs, B., Oyeyemi, A. L., Conceição, R. D. O., Santos, R. D., & Bittencourt, M. S. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112967 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kim, J., Choe, J.-P., Park, J.-H., Yoo, E., & Lee, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147256 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Miola, A., Fornaro, M., Sambataro, F., & Solmi, M. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2821 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Decreased self-reported appetite following insular cortex resection in patients with epilepsy
Hébert-Seropian, B., Boucher, O., Citherlet, D., Roy-Côté, F., Gravel, V., Obaïd, S., Bouthillier, A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105479 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ramos‐Jiménez, A., Rubio-Valles, M., Ramos-Hernández, J. A., González-Rodríguez, E., & Moreno-Brito, V. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178697 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These problems are influenced by several factors, such as age, mobility limitations, sleep impairments, pain, anxiety, and social isolation [109].”
Mall, C., Schmidt, S., Neuberger, E. W. I., Kirsch, P., Simon, P. D., & Dettweiler, U. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., Kostev, K., Jacob, L., Rahmati, M., Kujawska, A., Tully, M. A., Butler, L., et al. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ortega, M. A., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Montero, C. G., Dı́az, R., López-González, L., Monserrat, J., Barrena-Blázquez, S., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Lahera, G., & Álvarez‐Mon, M. (2024) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-024-00577-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Besides, a sedentary lifestyle is a growing problem in our society that is directly associated with the risk of suffering from different types of affective disorders [273–275].”
Occupational Rehabilitation Is Associated With Improvements in Cognitive Functioning
Johansen, T., Jensen, C., Eriksen, H. R., Lyby, P. S., Dittrich, W. H., Holsen, I., Jakobsen, H., & Øyeflaten, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02233 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bernstein, E. E., Wolfe, E., Huguenel, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2023) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/45860 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“They are also more likely than peers without mental health disorders to exhibit elevated sedentary behavior [71,72].”
BackgroundZeiger, J. S., Silvers, W. S., Fleegler, E. M., & Zeiger, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-020-00023-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“2003) Furthermore, the present analysis provides important insights: (1) cannabis epidemiology is a nascent field, thus obtaining information to direct future epidemiologic studies is an essential first step; (2) longitudinal studies are not necessarily the only way to examine the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior relations…”
BackgroundFélez-Nóbrega, M., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Stubbs, B., Smith, L., & Koyanagi, A. (2020) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Jacob, L., Barnett, Y., Pardhan, S., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., Tully, M. A., Gorely, T., Shin, J. I., et al. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01841-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Walk with a Doc—a Call to Action for Physician-Led Walking Programs
Sabgir, D., & Dorn, J. M. (2020) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-020-01297-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fatori, D., Suen, P. J. C., Bacchi, P. S., Afonso, L., Klein, I., Cavendish, B. A., Lee, Y. A., Liu, Z., Bauermeister, J. R., Moreno, M., et al. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02365-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“People with depression on average spend less time doing physical activities and this pattern is stronger in older adults [63].”
BackgroundSmith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Shin, J. I., Kostev, K., Underwood, B. R., Oh, H. Y., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Schuch, F. B., Tully, M. A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03226-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For each of the two conditions, we used factor analysis with polychoric correlations to obtain a factor score which was later converted to scores ranging from 0 to 100 with higher values representing worse status [33].”
MethodHaufe, S., Kahl, K. G., Kerling, A., Protte, G., Bayerle, P., Stenner, H. T., Rolff, S., Sundermeier, T., Eigendorf, J., Kück, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00562 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jahrami, H., Saif, Z., AlHaddad, M., Faris, M. E., Hammad, L., & Ali, B. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04323 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2017) besides sedentary behaviour (Stubbs et al., 2018; Vancampfort et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVascular–Metabolic Risk Factors and Psychological Stress in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus
Boecking, B., Klasing, S., Walter, M., Brüeggemann, P., Amarjargal, N., Rose, M., & Mazurek, B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112256 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Akpınar, Ö., Güler, M., & Yanar, N. (2023) · Apuntes Universitarios · doi:10.17162/au.v13i4.1493 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Are physical activity and sedentary behavior related to depression?
Nyström, M. B. T., Hassmén, P., Sörman, D. E., Wigforss, T., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1633810 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The results from the present study contradict previous research in that it does not support the assumption of a negative relationship between higher levels of PA and depressive symptoms (De Mello et al., 2013; Goodwin, 2003; Harvey et al., 2010; Stubbs et al., 2018).”
ResultChristófaro, D. G. D., Tebar, W. R., Silva, G. C. R., de Oliveira, M. D., Cucato, G. G., Botero, J. P., Correia, M. D. A., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., Lofrano‐Prado, M. C., & do Prado, W. L. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.07.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Smith, L., Shin, J. I., Sánchez, G. F. L., Kostev, K., Jacob, L., Tully, M. A., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5873 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Those who answered severe or extreme/cannot do to any of the six questions were considered to have disability.(24) Following a previous SAGE publication,(26) a social participation scale was created based on nine questions on the participant's involvement in community activities in the past 12 months (e.”
MethodInfluentialSmith, L., Shin, J. I., Oh, H., Carmichael, C., Jacob, L., Štefanac, S., Lindsay, R. K., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Tully, M. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215345 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Those who claimed to have severe/extreme problems with worry or anxiety in the past 30 days were considered to have anxiety [32].”
Curran, F., Brennan, C., Matthews, J. J., & O’Donoghue, G. (2023) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.721 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“52 Similar to previous studies, participants experienced delayed, ineffective or lack of treatment, and lack of access to care for underlying medical or mental health conditions 53,54 which they perceived affected their ability to reduce their SB.”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Associated Constraints Following the Transition From High School to University
Wilson, O. W. A., Walters, S., Naylor, M. E., & Clarke, J. C. (2021) · Recreational Sports Journal · doi:10.1177/1558866121995138 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“PA offers a means to protect against both unfavorable/adverse physical (Ekelund et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012) and mental health (Gordon et al., 2018; Stubbs et al., 2018) outcomes.”
BackgroundMladenova, Z. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sports Sciences · doi:10.37393/jass.2021.01.8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“(Stubbs et al, 2018).”
Siddi, S., Giné-Vázquez, I., Bailón, R., Matcham, F., Lamers, F., Kontaxis, S., Laporta, E., Pagès, E. G., Arranz, B., Costa, G. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11237163 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
High Sedentary Behavior Is Associated with Depression among Rural South Africans
Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16081413 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In the previous study of six middle-income countries, the higher risk for depression was found with a high sedentary time of 8 or more h, and particularly for 11 or more h [8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRyde, G. C., Dreczkowski, G., Gallagher, I. J., Chesham, R. A., & Gorely, T. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16111906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, cross-sectional data from 42,469 participants of the World Health Organisation’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health suggests that people with depression are at an increased risk engaging in high levels of sedentary behaviour [13].”
BackgroundMiežienė, B., Emeljanovas, A., Česnaitienė, V. J., Vizbaraitė, D., & Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030783 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Multiple health behaviors, psychological distress, and their associated risk factors, such as obesity and poor physical fitness, are associated with poor mental health outcomes, the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer [8,9], depression [10,11], and anxiety [12].”
BackgroundSebastião, É., Steffens, M. T., Nakamura, P. M., & Papini, C. B. (2021) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-021-00813-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Shin, J. I., Soysal, P., Pizzol, D., Barnett, Y., Kostev, K., Jacob, L., Veronese, N., Butler, L., et al. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02434-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Based on the two questions for each individual condition, we utilized factor analysis with polychoric correlations to calculate a factor score, subsequently converted to scores ranging from 0 to 100, with higher values corresponding to worse health status [25].”
MethodDuan, T., Cao, Z., Wang, X., Min, J., Sun, T., Hong, L., & Xu, C. (2024) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.227 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Werneck, A. O., Oyeyemi, A. L., Szwarcwald, C. L., Stubbs, B., & da Silva, D. R. P. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“associated with several comorbidities such as multimorbidity [15–17], mobility [14], obesity [14], and self-rated health [18], as well as lifestyle factors like alcohol use and tobacco use [19], which are also associated with depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundActive Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Smith, L., Veronese, N., Sánchez, G. F. L., Yang, L., Pizzol, D., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Félez-Nóbrega, M., Jacob, L., Shin, J. I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10061243 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Adjustment for country was conducted by including dummy variables for each country as in previous SAGE publications [38,39].”
MethodKahl, K. G., Fraccarollo, D., Winter, L., Bauersachs, J. K., & Westhoff‐Bleck, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.070 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hu, D., Xie, P., Xia, L., Hou, H., Wang, H., Zheng, X., Chen, L., & Tang, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23418-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
do Nascimento, R. B., Santos, R., Gomes, T. H. S., França, C. N., Rossi, F. E., Natrielli, D. G., Filho, J. C. J., Gil, S. D. S., Stubbs, B., Lafer, B., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192214913 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Soysal, P., Kostev, K., Jacob, L., Veronese, N., Tully, M. A., Butler, L. T., Barnett, Y., Pizzol, D., et al. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02864-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Those who answered severe or extreme/can - not do to any of the six questions were considered to have ADL disability [ 21 ].”
BackgroundSmith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Shin, J. I., Oh, H. Y., Kostev, K., Tully, M. A., Barnett, Y., Butler, L., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-025-00848-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For each separate health status, we used factor analysis with polychoric correlations to obtain a factor score which was later converted to scores ranging from 0–100 with higher values representing worse health function (Stubbs et al. 2018).”
Hsiao, C., Hsueh, M., & Liao, Y. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100471 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Muniswamy, P., Peter, I. G., Gorhe, V., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2021) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2021.1986307 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence now claims SB such as excessive sitting at work to be adversely associated with psychological distress [27] and depression [28].”
BackgroundMonistrol-Mula, A., Félez-Nóbrega, M., Oh, H. Y., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Using these two questions for each condition, we conducted factor analysis with polychoric correlations to estimate a factor score that was converted to scores ranging from 0 to 100, with greater values representing worse status [24].”
MethodExercise for depression treatment. Exercise modalities and types
Gultyaeva, V. V., Zinchenko, M. I., Uryumtsev, D. Y., Krivoshchekov, S. G., & Aftanas, L. I. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119091136 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Depression Among Patients with Chronic Pain, in Jimma Town Public Hospitals, Ethiopia
Serawit, T., Belachew, Y. B., Tesfaye, Y., Jemaneh, T. M., & Yimam, E. (2022) · Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology · doi:10.1177/23333928221124816 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Evidence showed that sedentary behavior/ inactive lifestyle is associated with depression.(25,26) This study indicates the number of presenting compliant had a statistically significant effect on depression, where patients with two or three presenting compliant were three times more likely to have depression than pati…”
BackgroundRafsanjani, M. A., Wijaya, P. A., Baskara, A., & Wahyudi, H. D. (2023) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2023-3-155-173 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Depression in Middle-Aged and Elderly People in Romania
Rada, C. (2020) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2020.14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This result is in line with that obtained by the team of Stubbs et al. among 42,469 people in low- and middle-income countries, which showed that people with depression, especially elderly people, spend time more sedentarily than those without depression (Stubbs et al., 2018).”
ResultXia, Z., Tan, T. C., Liu, Y., Zheng, J., Li, Z., Gu, Q., & Huang, T. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114796 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Garcia, A. N., Cook, C. E., & Gottfried, O. N. (2021) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102424 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hernández, P. A. F., Farías‐Valenzuela, C., Rezende, L. F. M., Nascimento, M. D. M., Marques, A., de Victo, E. R., & Ferrari, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82396-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ross, J. L., Rupasinghe, D., Chanyachukul, T., Crabtree‐Ramírez, B., Murenzi, G., Kwobah, E., Mureithi, F., Minga, A., Marbaniang, I., Perazzo, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.26434 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hu, P., Zhang, W., Ripley-Gonzalez, J. W., Xie, K., Gong, X., Cao, Z., Shen, Y., You, B., Dun, Y., & Liu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.909766 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Participants were excluded for any one of the following reasons: (1) the presence of any unstable clinical condition; (2)an inability to exercise or a condition that may interfere with the exercise performance; (3) myocardial infarction in the past 3 months; (4) comorbidities that may influence exercise physiological…”
BackgroundLee, D., KENNEDY, J. M., Cothran, D. J., Shih, P. C., Dickinson, S., Golzarri‐Arroyo, L., & Frey, G. C. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.104980 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Anxious adults tend to spend more time in sedentary behaviors (Vancampfort et al., 2018) while less ST is also associated with the favorable perception of mental health and quality of life (Gibson et al., 2017).”
Predictors of non-stepping time in people with chronic stroke
Miller, A. E., McCartney, K. M., Wright, T. R., & Reisman, D. S. (2022) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2022.2114703 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Guirado, T., Metz, L., Pereira, B., Bergouignan, A., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05317-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“High levels of SB have been associated with increased risks for mental disturbances [64] such as stress [65], depression [66, 67] or anxiety [68].”
BackgroundWon, M. H., & Son, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mörkl, S., Butler, M., Cichini, F., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931544.013.7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychotic experiences among informal caregivers: findings from 48 low- and middle-income countries
Koyanagi, A., Oh, H. Y., DeVylder, J., Shin, J. I., Kostev, K., Smith, L., Jacob, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Abduljabbar, A. S., & Haro, J. M. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02312-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Based on the two questions for each health status, factor analysis with polychoric correlations was conducted to obtain a factor score which was converted to scores ranging from 0 to 100 with higher values signifying worse health status [26].”
MethodWon, M. H., & Shim, J. L. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035839 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
EUBANK, J. M., Oberlin, D. J., Orazem, J. P., & Pegues, M. M. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00200-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Stubbs et al. [35] analyzed data from the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) survey that was conducted between 2007 and 2010 and utilized similar questions as [34].”
- Authors
- Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Schuch, F. B., Hallgren, M., Smith, L., Gardner, B., Kahl, K. G., Veronese, N., Solmi, M., Carvalho, A. F., & Koyanagi, A.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service (GB)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- National Research Council (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Stubbs, Brendon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 229
- Pages
- 231-238
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2781664604
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 12.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- ISCIII - General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research - and the European Regional Development Fund (CP13/00150, PI15/00862)
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care Funding scheme
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- sedentary behavior, depression, mediation analysis, mobility limitations, sleep disorders, pain and discomfort, anxiety, disability, cognitive impairment, vision problems, low- and middle-income countries, older adults, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index, social cohesion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
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