Physical Activity and Inflammatory Markers Over 10 Years: Follow-Up in Men and Women From the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory processes are putative mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of physical activity. An inverse association between physical activity and inflammation has been demonstrated, but no long-term prospective data are available. We therefore examined the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers over a 10-year follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were 4289 men and women (mean age, 49.2 years) from the Whitehall II cohort study. Self-reported physical activity and inflammatory markers (serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were measured at baseline (1991) and follow-up (2002). Forty-nine percent of the participants adhered to standard physical activity recommendations for cardiovascular health (2.5 h/wk moderate to vigorous physical activity) across all assessments. Physically active participants at baseline had lower C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels, and this difference remained stable over time. Compared with participants who rarely adhered to physical activity guidelines over the 10-year follow-up, the high-adherence group displayed lower log(e) C-reactive protein (β=-0.07; 95% confidence interval, -0.12 to -0.02) and log(e) interleukin-6 (β=-0.07; 95% confidence interval, -0.10 to -0.03) at follow-up after adjustment for a range of covariates. Compared with participants who remained stable, those who reported an increase in physical activity of at least 2.5 h/wk displayed lower log(e) C-reactive protein (β coefficient=-0.05; 95% confidence interval, -0.10 to -0.001) and log(e) interleukin-6 (β coefficient=-0.06; 95% confidence interval, -0.09 to -0.03) at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Regular physical activity is associated with lower markers of inflammation over 10 years of follow-up and thus may be important in preventing the proinflammatory state seen with aging.
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Under resting conditions, particularly in obese and sedentary populations, elevated circulating IL-6 is primarily derived from adipose tissue macrophages and reflects chronic low-grade inflammation via NF-κB pathway activation, associating with insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities.
“Under resting conditions, particularly in obese and sedentary populations, elevated circulating IL-6 is primarily derived from adipose tissue macrophages and reflects chronic low-grade inflammation via NF-κB pathway activation, associating with insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities [29].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Hamer, M., Sabia, S., Batty, G. D., Shipley, M. J., Tabák, A. G., Singh-Manoux, A., & Kivimaki, M.
- Affiliations
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (M.H., S.S., G.D.B., M.J.S., A.G.T., A.S.-M., M.K.); First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (A.G.T.); and INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France (A.S.-M.).
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-08-21
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 928-933
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC3890998
- OpenAlex
- W2097528015
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 14.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation (RE/10/005/28296, RG/10/005/28296, RG/07/008/23674)
- European Science Foundation
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS06516)
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034454, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- physical activity, inflammation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, cardioprotection, Whitehall II cohort, physical activity guidelines adherence, aging, cardiovascular health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Exercise, Interleukin-6
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