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Cited by 18Child Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentResilience and Mental Health

Mood and neural responses to social rejection do not seem to be altered in resilient adolescents with a history of adversity

Open access
Fritz, Jessica, Stretton, Jason, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Schweizer, Susanne, Walsh, Nicholas D., Elzinga, Bernet M., Goodyer, Ian M., Wilkinson, Paul O. +1 more·2020·Development and Psychopathology
DOI 10.1017/s0954579419000178PMC PMC7260057

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

Childhood adversity (CA) increases the risk of subsequent mental health problems. Adolescent social support (from family and/or friends) reduces the risk of mental health problems after CA. However, the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear, and we speculate that they are manifested on neurodevelopmental levels. Therefore, we investigated whether family and/or friendship support at ages 14 and 17 function as intermediate variables for the relationship between CA before age 11 and affective or neural responses to social rejection feedback at age 18. We studied 55 adolescents with normative mental health at age 18 (26 with CA and therefore considered “resilient”), from a longitudinal cohort. Participants underwent a Social Feedback Task in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Social rejection feedback activated the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left anterior insula. CA did not predict affective or neural responses to social rejection at age 18. Yet, CA predicted better friendships at age 14 and age 18, when adolescents with and without CA had comparable mood levels. Thus, adolescents with CA and normative mood levels have more adolescent friendship support and seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a subsample of 55 mentally healthy 18-year-olds from the ROOTS cohort, childhood adversity (CA) did not predict altered mood or AI/dACC neural responses to social rejection, although CA predicted higher friendship support at age 14 and age 18. The authors conclude that resilient adolescents with CA show largely normal responses to social rejection, with no evidence that adolescent family or friendship support mediates these responses.

Key findings

  • Social rejection feedback activated the left anterior insula (AI; z = 4.97, p < .05 FWE-corrected) and bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; z = 4.81, p < .05 FWE-corrected); negative feedback was rated as more disturbing than neutral feedback, t(54) = –13.33, p < .001.
  • CA did not predict AI or dACC responses to social rejection at age 18; effects were nonsignificant and negligible (e.g., brain R² = .03 for friendship models, .015 for family models). CA marginally predicted less negative mood responses (friendship model: est = –.28, p = .05; family model: est = –.25, p = .06).
  • CA predicted higher friendship support at age 14 (est = .29, p = .03) and at age 18 in exploratory analyses, but not at age 17; CA did not predict family support at ages 14, 17, or 18. Neither friendship nor family support mediated the relationship between CA and affective or neural responses to social rejection.
  • Post hoc sensitivity analyses indicated that with the available sample size (M = 53, range 47–55), the study could detect moderate effects (a path: f² = .154; b path: f² = .193 or R² increase = .154) at α = .05 and power = .80, but mediation effects were less well powered.

Methods

  • Participants were drawn from the longitudinal ROOTS cohort (N = 1,238); the MRI substudy included 67 adolescents, and analyses used 55 participants (25 females, 30 males; 26 with CA, 29 without CA) at age 18.
  • Participants completed an fMRI Social Feedback Task involving 36 judge feedback slides (12 best, 12 moderate, 12 worst) and mood ratings after each; the key contrast was “negative more than neutral” feedback.
  • Analyses used path models in R with lavaan, full information maximum likelihood (FIML) and a robust estimator (MLR), testing whether family or friendship support at ages 14 and 17 mediated the relationship between CA before age 11 and affective or neural (AI/dACC) responses to social rejection at age 18.

Limitations

  • The paper states that statistical power was limited by sample size, especially for indirect/mediation effects, and that moderation analyses were not performed because the sample was insufficient to detect interaction effects.
  • The paper also notes that CA was assessed retrospectively via primary-caregiver interview, friendship and family support were not assessed prior to CA, the ROOTS sample is wealthier than the average UK population, CA experiences were mainly mild to moderate, and a subset of the CA group had past mental health problems.
  • Evident from the text: the MRI subsample was selected based on CA presence/absence and 5-HTTLPR genotype, and gender-specific exploratory analyses were underpowered, so findings may not generalize to other samples or to more severe/clinical CA populations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0954579419000178

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 81 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Childhood adversity predicted better friendships at age 14.

    “CA predicted better friendships at age 14 and age 18, when adolescents with and without CA had comparable mood levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Childhood adversity did not predict neural responses to social rejection at age 18.

    “CA did not predict affective or neural responses to social rejection at age 18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Adolescents with and without childhood adversity had comparable mood levels at age 18.

    “CA predicted better friendships at age 14 and age 18, when adolescents with and without CA had comparable mood levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Social rejection feedback activated the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left anterior insula.

    “Social rejection feedback activated the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left anterior insula.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Childhood adversity did not predict affective responses to social rejection at age 18.

    “CA did not predict affective or neural responses to social rejection at age 18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 47

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither friendship support at age 14 nor at age 17 predicted affective responses to social rejection feedback.

    “neither friendship support at age 14, nor at age 17, predicted affective responses to social rejection feedback.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The childhood adversity group reported higher depressive symptoms at age 17, but not at age 14, nor at age 18.

    “The CA group did report higher depressive symptoms at age 17, but not at age 14, nor at age 18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both groups, the minority of adolescents had psychopathological symptoms at some point in life, yet all adolescents had no recent psychiatric disorder episode at age 18.

    “In both groups, the minority of adolescents had psychopathological symptoms at some point in life (i.e., previous psychiatric history), yet all adolescents had no recent psychiatric disorder episode at age 18”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The current sample did not differ from the remaining ROOTS sample in terms of age, gender, SES, friendship support, family support, recent negative life events, prior psychiatric history, self-esteem, mood, or 5-HTTLPR genotype.

    “The current sample did not differ from the remaining ROOTS sample in terms of age (U = 28, p = .99), gender (U = 36, p = .17), SES (U = 31, p = .59), friendship support (U = 24, p = .56), family support (U = 19, p = .24), recent negative life events (U = 24, p = .84), prior psychiatric history (U = 28, p = .88), self-esteem (U = 24, p = .93), mood (U = 25, p = .88), or 5-HTTLPR genotype (U = 32, p”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Childhood adversity versus no-childhood-adversity groups did not differ in age, gender, SES, IQ, previous psychiatric history, or 5-HTTLPR genotype.

    “CA versus no-CA groups did not differ in age, gender, SES, IQ, previous psychiatric history, or 5-HTTLPR genotype (see Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    CA was associated with a higher level of friendship support at age 18.

    “CA was associated with a higher level of friendship support at age 18”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In separate models, neither family support at age 14 nor at age 17 was significantly associated with dACC responsivity to social rejection feedback.

    “neither family support at age 14 nor at age 17 was significantly associated with dACC responsivity to social rejection feedback.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of CA and friendship support on the brain was nonsignificant and negligible.

    “the same effect on the brain was not only nonsignificant but also negligible (R2 = .03).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of CA and family support on mood was nonsignificant and small.

    “the effect of CA and family support on mood (Mean R2 = .06) did both not reach significance and had small effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of CA and family support on the brain was nonsignificant and negligible.

    “the effect of CA and family support on the brain (Mean R2 = .015) were both not only nonsignificant but had negligible effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adolescents with CA and normative mood levels seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.

    “and seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither the main effect of CA nor the main effect of the support variables on brain responses to social rejection revealed significance.

    “neither the main effect of CA, nor the main effect of the support variables on brain responses to social rejection revealed significance”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Findingown data

    Most of the revealed effects of social support on social rejection responsivity were nonsignificant and noticeably small.

    “most of the revealed effects were not only nonsignificant but also noticeably small.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Not all individuals who face adversity develop mental illnesses, and thus are characterized as mentally healthy or resilient.

    “not all individuals who face adversity develop mental illnesses, and thus are characterized as “mentally healthy” or “resilient” (Afifi & MacMillan, 2011; Fritz, de Graaff, Caisley, van Harmelen, & Wilkinson, 2018)”
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    • cites Fritz, de Graaff, Caisley, van Harmelen, & Wilkinson, 2018

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    Premisecitation

    Social rejection is associated with activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula.

    “Several recent reviews consistently concluded that, at the neural level, social rejection is associated with activation in the (dorsal) anterior cingulate cortex ([d]ACC) and the (anterior) insula ([A]I; Cacioppo et al., 2013; Kawamoto, Ura, & Nittono, 2015; Wang, Braun, & Enck, 2017)”
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    • cites Kawamoto, Ura, & Nittono, 2015

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    Premisecitation

    Childhood adversity is associated with an increased vulnerability to the development of psychopathology.

    “Various studies have shown that CA is associated with an increased vulnerability to the development of psychopathology (Greif Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010)”
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    Premisecitation

    Those exposed to childhood adversity are more likely to experience social rejection.

    “those exposed to CA are more likely to experience social rejection (e.g., emotional and physical bullying; van Harmelen et al., 2016)”
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    • cites van Harmelen et al., 2016

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    Premisecitation

    Both friendship and family support reduce the risk of subsequent psychopathology.

    “both friendship and family support have been found to reduce the risk of subsequent psychopathology (Dion et al., 2016; Folger & O'Dougherty Wright, 2013; Horan & Widom, 2015; Runtz & Schallow, 1997; Sperry & Widom, 2013; van Harmelen et al., 2016)”
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    Premisecitation

    Individuals with a history of childhood adversity are prone to suffer from cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties.

    “individuals with a history of CA are prone to suffer from cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties (Cicchetti, 2013; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1997; Spinhoven et al., 2010; Walsh, Dawson, & Mattingly, 2010)”
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    Premisecitation

    Support from both friends and family contribute to the protective effect of social support.

    “Some studies have suggested that support from both friends and family contribute to the protective effect of social support (Horan & Widom, 2015; Runtz & Schallow, 1997; van Harmelen et al., 2016)”
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    Premisecitation

    Mental health following adversity is facilitated by various resilience or protective factors, including biological, intraindividual, family, and community factors.

    “Mental health following adversity is facilitated by various so-called resilience or protective factors, including biological (e.g., genes), intraindividual (e.g., distress tolerance), family (e.g., family support), and community factors (e.g., friendship support; Fritz et al., 2018; Ioannidis, Askelund, & van Harmelen, 2017; Kalisch et al., 2017)”
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    • cites Fritz et al., 2018

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    • cites Ioannidis, Askelund, & van Harmelen, 2017

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    Premisecitation

    Due to ongoing social and neural development during adolescence, the protective effects of social support may vary across adolescence.

    “Due to ongoing social and neural development during adolescence (Casey, Getz, & Galvan, 2008; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Crone & Elzinga, 2015), the protective effects of social support may vary across adolescence.”
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    No other regions were activated at the FWE-corrected threshold in the previous report.

    “No other regions were activated at this threshold (see, for details, Dalgleish et al., 2017).”
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    • cites Dalgleish et al., 2017

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    Premisecitation

    Childhood adversity is associated with altered neural responses to social rejection.

    “CA is associated with altered neural responses to social rejection (Wang et al., 2017)”
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    • cites Wang et al., 2017

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    Study design and conductcitation

    The FAD adequately differentiates between appropriate and inappropriate family functioning and was found to have acceptable test-retest reliability.

    “The FAD adequately differentiates between appropriate and inappropriate family functioning and was found to have an acceptable test–retest reliability (Epstein et al., 1983; Miller et al., 1985; Ridenour et al., 1999).”
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    Premisecitation

    In late adolescence and young adulthood, the AI and dACC may be implicated in responsivity to social evaluation more broadly, as those regions were similarly activated during social rejection and acceptance feedback.

    “our recent study showed that in late adolescence and young adulthood, the AI and the dACC may be implicated in responsivity to social evaluation even more broadly, as those regions were similarly activated during social rejection and acceptance feedback (Dalgleish et al., 2017)”
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    Premisecitation

    Social support is associated with decreased responsivity in the anterior insula.

    “social support is associated with decreased responsivity in the (anterior) insula (Masten, Telzer, Fuligni, Lieberman, & Eisenberger, 2012; Onoda et al., 2009)”
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    Premisecitation

    Altered neural responsivity to social rejection is associated with later depressive symptoms.

    “altered neural responsivity to social rejection is associated with later depressive symptoms (Masten et al., 2011)”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    The CFQ was found to have good external validity and acceptable test-retest reliability (κ = .80).

    “The CFQ was found to have a good external validity, and an acceptable test–retest reliability (κ = .80; van Harmelen et al., 2017).”
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    Premisecitation

    The AI and dACC are suggested to be particularly important for the detection and appraisal of adverse social situations.

    “The AI and the dACC are suggested to be particularly important for the detection and the appraisal of adverse social situations (Kawamoto et al., 2015)”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Altered neural responsivity to social rejection in those with a history of childhood adversity may further increase the vulnerability to psychopathology.

    “altered neural responsivity to social rejection in those with a history of CA may further increase the vulnerability to psychopathology (cf. latent vulnerability theory; McCrory & Viding, 2015)”
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    Premisecitation

    Adolescents with a history of chronic social rejection experiences in childhood displayed increased dACC and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responsivity.

    “adolescents with a history of chronic social rejection experiences in childhood displayed increased dACC and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responsivity (van Harmelen et al., 2014; Will, van Lier, Crone, & Güroğlu, 2016)”
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    Premisecitation

    The insula is involved in cognitive control, emotion, motivation, and pain.

    “the Insula is known to be involved in cognitive control, emotion, motivation, and pain (Wager & Feldman Barrett, 2017)”
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    Premisecitation

    Social support is associated with decreased responsivity in the dACC.

    “and the dACC (Eisenberger, Gable, & Lieberman, 2007; Masten et al., 2012)”
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    Study design and conductreasoning

    The investigated ROOTS subsample only included adolescents without recent psychiatric disorder episodes at age 18, which makes it more likely that the assessment of affective and neural responsivity to social rejection is not confounded by concurrent psychopathological symptoms.

    “The investigated ROOTS subsample only included adolescents without recent psychiatric disorder episodes at age 18, which makes it more likely that the assessment of affective and neural responsivity to social rejection is not confounded by concurrent psychopathological symptoms.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    At age 18 the group of adolescents with a history of childhood adversity had normative, or good, mental health, and could be considered as functioning resiliently.

    “Hence, at age 18 the group of adolescents with a history of CA had normative, or good, mental health, and could be considered as functioning resiliently (i.e., good mental health despite adversity; Fritz et al., 2018; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    The CAMEEI was found to have adequate interrater reliability (n = 48, κ = .7 to .9).

    “The CAMEEI was found to have an adequate interrater reliability (n = 48, κ = .7 to .9; Goodyer et al., 2010).”
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    Premisecitation

    The dACC is associated with the evaluation and specification of control.

    “the dACC is associated with the evaluation and specification of control (Shenhav, Cohen, & Botvinick, 2016)”
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    Premisecitation

    In a previous report on this sample, the 'negative more than neutral' contrast revealed significant responsivity in the left AI and the bilateral dACC.

    “In a previous report on this sample, Dalgleish et al. (2017) showed that the “negative more than neutral” contrast revealed a significant responsivity in the left AI (z = 4.97, p < .05 FWE corrected) and the bilateral dACC (z = 4.81, p < .05 FWE corrected).”
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    Interpretationcitation

    Social support may facilitate healthy neural functioning through its impact on AI and dACC responsivity to social rejection.

    “Thus, social support may facilitate healthy neural functioning through its impact on AI and dACC responsivity to social rejection.”
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    Premisecitation

    Social rejection is associated with negative mood responses.

    “Will et al. (2016) as well as van Harmelen et al. (2014) showed that (a) social rejection is associated with negative mood responses”
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    Interpretationown data

    In males, family-related adversity appears to be associated with less negative mood in response to social rejection.

    “whereas in males family-related adversity appears to be associated with less negative mood in response to social rejection.”
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    Interpretationown data

    CA may impact the role of social support as well as affective responses to rejection differently in males and females.

    “Hence, our post hoc explorations seemed to indicate that CA may impact the role of social support as well as affective responses to rejection differently in males and females.”
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    Premisecitation

    Individuals exposed to CA experience less social support during adolescence and young adulthood than their peers without a history of adversity.

    “The notion that individuals who have been exposed to CA experience less social support during adolescence and young adulthood than their peers without a history of adversity has sound support in the resilience literature (Horan & Widom, 2015; Miller et al., 2014; Runtz & Schallow, 1997; Sperry & Widom, 2013; van Harmelen et al., 2016).”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    The 'negative more than neutral' responsivity contrast was family-wise error corrected (FWE; whole-brain, voxel-wise threshold of p < .05).

    “For the below analyses we used the “negative more than neutral” responsivity contrast, which was family-wise error corrected (FWE; whole-brain, voxel-wise threshold of p < .05; Dalgleish et al., 2017).”
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    Interpretationown data

    In females, family-related adversity may impact predominantly on social relations, potentially resulting in higher friendship and lower family support.

    “Our post hoc explorations of gender effects suggest that in females family-related adversity may impact predominantly on social relations, potentially resulting in higher friendship and lower family support”
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    Study design and conductown data

    The sample size did not allow for examining gender as a group effect or as a covariate.

    “Our sample size did neither allow for examining gender as a group effect, nor as a covariate.”
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    Interpretationown data

    In mentally healthy adolescents with CA, neural responses to social rejection are not altered, and mood responses are at best marginally altered.

    “adolescents with CA did not seem to have altered neural (i.e., AI and dACC) and at best marginally altered mood responses to social rejection at age 18, when they were characterized by mental health resilience.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Adolescents with CA have normal neural responses as well as normal, or perhaps even less negative, mood responses to social rejection, when they are mentally healthy.

    “This suggests that adolescents with CA have normal neural responses as well as normal, or perhaps even less negative, mood responses to social rejection, when they are mentally healthy.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    The nature of the CA variable and selecting resilient 18-year-old CA adolescents may be another reason why CA was associated with higher levels of friendship support.

    “Therefore, the nature of our CA variable in combination with solely selecting resilient 18-year-old CA adolescents may be another reason why CA was associated with higher levels of friendship support.”
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    Premisecitation

    The FIML algorithm does not exclude missing values and establishes case-wise maximum likelihood functions, making use of all available information.

    “The FIML algorithm does not exclude missing values and establishes case-wise maximum likelihood functions, making use of all available information (Enders & Bandalos, 2001).”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Different forms of CA are differentially associated with insula and dACC responsivity to social rejection, with some forms having an opposite association sign.

    “Different forms of CA are found to be differentially associated with insula and dACC responsivity to social rejection, with some forms of CA even having an opposite association sign (e.g., increased dACC responsivity in adolescents with a history of chronic social rejection compared to decreased dACC responsivity in adolescents with adverse loss and separation experiences in childhood; Puetz et al”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Puetz et al., 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Will et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The analyses utilized a robust estimator (MLR) that can calculate robust standard errors and scaled test statistics despite incomplete data.

    “we utilized a robust estimator (MLR), which can calculate robust standard errors and scaled test statistics despite incomplete data (Rosseel, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rosseel, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participants with chronic social rejection experiences had higher neural responses and participants with adverse loss and separation experiences had lower neural responses to social rejection, which may have canceled each other out.

    “it may have been the case that participants with chronic social rejection experiences had higher neural responses and participants with adverse loss and separation experiences had lower neural responses to social rejection, which may have canceled each other out”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Caregiver reports on CA relate slightly differentially to later mental distress than self-reported CA.

    “As caregiver reports on CA are found to relate slightly differentially to later mental distress than self-reported CA (Newbury et al., 2018)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Newbury et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Family support appears to lower stress responsivity during childhood but not during adolescence.

    “showing that family support appears to lower stress responsivity during childhood but not during adolescence (Hostinar, Johnson, & Gunnar, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hostinar, Johnson, & Gunnar, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This is the first study to show that adolescents with CA and normative mood levels have more adolescent friendship support and seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.

    “To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that adolescents with CA and normative mood levels have more adolescent friendship support and seem to have normal mood and neural responses to social rejection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The time intervals of the CAMEEI (early, middle, and late childhood) enhanced recall and report accuracy of CA and decreased the impact of recency effects.

    “However, the time intervals of the CAMEEI (early, middle, and late childhood) enhanced recall and report accuracy of CA, and decreased the impact of recency effects (Dunn et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dunn et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It cannot be determined whether the adolescents with a history of CA already had higher friendship levels prior to the CA experience.

    “Therefore, it cannot be determined whether the adolescents with a history of CA already had higher friendship levels prior to the CA experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Higher levels of friendship interactions at age 18 are associated with lower AI and dACC responsivity to social rejection at age 20.

    “Masten et al. (2012) showed that higher levels of friendship interactions at age 18 are associated with lower AI and dACC responsivity to social rejection at age 20 (Masten et al., 2012)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Masten et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Maternal support reduces unfavorable affect-related behavior and neural responses in healthy children but not in healthy adolescents.

    “Similarly, maternal support was found to reduce unfavorable affect-related behavior and neural responses in healthy children, but not in healthy adolescents (Gee et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gee et al., 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Friendship and family support were not assessed prior to CA.

    “Second, friendship and family support were not assessed prior to CA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The CA interview was retrospectively performed with a primary caregiver.

    “First, the CA interview was retrospectively performed with a primary caregiver (Dunn et al., 2011; Goodyer et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dunn et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Goodyer et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A higher sample size would have increased the chance to detect small path effects.

    “a higher sample size would have been desirable, and would have increased the chance to detect small path effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In mentally healthy 18-year-old adolescents, mood and neural (AI and dACC) responses to social rejection do not seem to be altered by a CA history and/or the level of adolescent family and friendship support.

    “In sum, our findings suggest that mood and neural (AI and dACC) responses to social rejection, in mentally healthy 18-year-old adolescents, do not seem to be altered by a CA history and/ or the level of adolescent family and friendship support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Different forms of social support-emotionally supportive texts, social interaction quality, and friendship interaction frequency and duration-are associated with decreased social rejection responsivity in either the AI, the dACC, or both.

    “The literature showed that different forms of social support, that is (a) emotionally supportive texts, (b) social interaction quality, and (c) friendship interaction frequency and duration, are associated with decreased social rejection responsivity in either the AI, the dACC, or both (Eisenberger et al., 2007; Masten et al., 2012; Onoda et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Eisenberger et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Masten et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Onoda et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

66 of 66

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentz = 4.97reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001

    “(z = 4.97, p < .05”

  • Consistentz = 4.81reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001

    “(z = 4.81, p < .05”

  • Consistentt(54) = -13.33reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t (54) = -13.33, p < .001”

3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Claim of no lower neural responsivity conflicts with family-support result

    Major

    The discussion says adolescent social support was not associated with lower neural responsivity. Table 4 reports a negative association between family support at age 14 and dACC response, marked significant at p = .05*.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Walsh, 2010, Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 11, 27
  2. Wager, 2017, bioRxiv
  3. 2000, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Fritz, J., Stretton, J., Askelund, A. D., Schweizer, S., Walsh, N. D., Elzinga, B. M., Goodyer, I. M., Wilkinson, P. O., & van Harmelen, A.-L.
Affiliations
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of East Anglia (GB)
  • Leiden University (NL)
Corresponding author
Fritz, Jessica
ORCID
Venue
Development and Psychopathology
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2019-03-21
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
411-423
ISSN
  • 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-2198
DOI
10.1017/s0954579419000178
PMC
PMC7260057
OpenAlex
W2910607058
Cited by
18
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
FWCI
2.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (publishedVersion)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Science Framework
  • Apollo
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (074296, 095844/Z/11/Z, 209127/A/17/Z, 209127, 095844)
  • Royal Society (DH150176)
  • Medical Research Council (1800905)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords
childhood adversity, resilience, social rejection, social feedback, adolescent friendships, family social support, mood, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, brain development, mental health
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Affect, Child, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychological Distance, Friends

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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