Cognitive leisure activities and future risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: As life expectancies continue to rise, modifiable lifestyle factors that may prevent cognitive decline and dementia in later life become increasingly important in order to maintain quality of life in old age. METHODS: Five meta-analyses were conducted on data from papers identified in a systematic review. Studies were grouped according to outcomes (dementia, cognitive impairment including amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and cognitive decline) and output (risk (RR), odds (OR), or hazard ratios (HR)). RESULTS: Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria and quality assessments. Four of five meta-analyses showed significant associations between participation in cognitive leisure activities and reduced risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56-0.85) and dementia (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74; RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42-0.90; OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.90). However, one pooled analysis of cognitive impairment studies did not reach significance (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.71-1.02). Mentally stimulating leisure activities were significantly associated with later life cognition (β = 0.11, p = 0.05), better memory (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.29), speed of processing (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.29-0.45), and executive functioning (β = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15-0.29), and less decline in overall cognition (β = -0.23, p < 0.01), language (β = -0.11, p < 0.05), and executive functioning (β = -0.13, p < 0.05). Activities were also shown to reduce rate of cognitive decline (estimate = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: There is increasing evidence that participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities may contribute to a reduction of risk of dementia and cognitive impairment in later life. Promoting involvement in such activities across lifespan could be an important focus for primary prevention strategies for governments and health services.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous literature highlights the negative effects of age on spatial abilities, memory, attention, and perceptual speed.
“Previous literature highlights the negative effects of age on spatial abilities, memory, attention, and perceptual speed [19,27,75].”
From Designing ICTs for Users with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Usability Study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The Interpretation of findings section says cognitive mechanics generally decline in later life, supporting the broad point about age-related cognitive losses. It does not say that ageing negatively affects each of the four named abilities; the table in References lists memory, perceptual speed, and visuo-spatial ability as measures, not as findings about ageing, and does not establish the claim about attention. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · see citing works
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048 · see citing works
Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease
Brookmeyer, R., Johnson, E., Ziegler‐Graham, K., & Arrighi, H. M. (2007) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381 · Cited by 3,370 · see citing works
Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data
Norton, S., Matthews, F. E., Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., & Brayne, C. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70136-x · Cited by 2,466 · see citing works
An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00767-7 · Cited by 2,135 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A. F., Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022252 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
Brookmeyer, R., Gray, S. G., & Kawas, C. H. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1337 · Cited by 1,774 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don't
ADLER, N. E., & OSTROVE, J. M. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
(1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,411 · see citing works
Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Katzman, R. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.13 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle
Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Roberts, R. O., Geda, Y. E., Knopman, D. S., Cha, R. H., Pankratz, V. S., Boeve, B. F., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., & Rocca, W. A. (2008) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000115751 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
The Preclinical Phase of Alzheimer Disease: A 22-Year Prospective Study of the Framingham Cohort
Elias, M. F., Beiser, A., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R. F., & D'Agostino, R. B. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.6.808 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
A commentary on studies presenting projections of the future prevalence of dementia
Norton, S., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics
Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Eiriksdottir, G., Kjartansson, O., Jonsson, P. V., Sigurdsson, G., Thorgeirsson, G., Aspelund, T., Garcia, M. E., Cotch, M. F., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwk115 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
The Rush Memory and Aging Project: Study Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Buchman, A. S., de Leon, C. F. M., Bienias, J. L., & Wilson, R. S. (2005) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000087446 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Mora, F., Segovia, G., & Arco, A. D. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.011 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Relation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease
Wilson, R. S., Scherr, P. A., Schneider, J. A., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Brain reserve and cognitive decline: a non-parametric systematic review
Valenzuela, M., & Sachdev, P. S. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007744 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly
Verghese, J., LeValley, A., Derby, C., Kuslansky, G., Katz, M., Hall, C., Buschke, H., & Lipton, R. B. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Sattler, C., Toro, P., Schönknecht, P., & Schröder, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly
Akbaraly, T. N., Portet, F., Fustinoni, S., Dartigues, J.-F., Artéro, S., Rouaud, O., Touchon, J., Ritchie, K. A., & Berr, C. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b7849b · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The Effect of Social Engagement on Incident Dementia
Saczynski, J. S., Pfeifer, L. A., Masaki, K., Korf, E. S. C., Laurin, D., White, L., & Launer, L. J. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj061 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Lennartsson, C., & Silverstein, M. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.6.s335 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Leisure activities, cognition and dementia
Wang, H.-X., Xu, W., & Pei, J.-J. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.002 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Tucker–Drob, E. M., Johnson, K. E., & Jones, R. N. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014012 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Occurrence of Dementia in Advanced Age: The Study Design of the Kungsholmen Project
Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M. H., Bäckman, L., Sandman, P. O., & Winblad, B. G. (1992) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000110958 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Ritchie, K., Carriere, I., Ritchie, C. W., Berr, C., Artero, S., & Ancelin, M.-L. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3885 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Late Life Leisure Activities and Risk of Cognitive Decline
Wang, H.-X., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H. C., Liang, C., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Unverzagt, F. W., Ma, F., Hall, K. S., Murrell, J. R., et al. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls153 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Cognitive leisure activities and their role in preventing dementia: a systematic review
Stern, C., & Munn, Z. (2010) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00150.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment: The Chongqing aging study
Wang, J. Y. J., Zhou, D. H. D., Li, J., Zhang, M., Deng, J., Tang, M. ‐., Gao, C., Li, J., Lian, Y., & Chen, M. Q. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000192165.99963.2a · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Social activity, cognitive decline and dementia risk: a 20-year prospective cohort study
Marioni, R., Proust-Lima, C., Amieva, H., Brayne, C., Matthews, F., Dartigues, J., & Jacqmin-Gadda, H. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2426-6 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Niti, M., Yap, K.-B., Kua, E. H., Tan, C., & Ng, T. P. (2007) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610207006655 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Carlson, M. C., Parisi, J. M., Xia, J., Xue, Q., Rebok, G. W., Bandeen‐Roche, K., & Fried, L. P. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561771100169x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gold, D. P., Andrés, D. P., Etezadi, J., Arbuckle, T. Y., Schwartzman, A., & Chaikelson, J. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.2.294 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Cognitive activity and the cognitive morbidity of Alzheimer disease
Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Boyle, P. A., Hebert, L. E., de Leon, C. F. M., & Evans, D. A. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f25b5e · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Engaging in Cognitive Activities, Aging, and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study
Geda, Y. E., Topazian, H. M., Lewis, R. A., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Pankratz, V. S., Christianson, T. J. H., Boeve, B. F., Tangalos, E. G., Ivnik, R. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp149 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Lindstrom, H. A., Fritsch, T., Petot, G. J., Smyth, K. A., Chen, C. H., Debanne, S. M., Lerner, A. J., & Friedland, R. P. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.020 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Iwasa, H., Yoshida, Y., Kai, I., Suzuki, T., Kim, H., & Yoshida, H. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.10.002 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioural Sciences
Stephenson, J. M. (1993) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(10)60155-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Li, X., Ma, C., Zhang, J., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12552 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Gold, D. P., Andrés, D., Etezadi, J., et al. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.2.294 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Baseline leisure time activity and cognition more than two decades later
Kåreholt, I., Lennartsson, C., Gatz, M., & Parker, M. G. (2010) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2490 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Leisure-time physical activity associates with cognitive decline
Willey, J. Z., Gardener, H. E., Caunca, M. R., Moon, Y. P., Dong, C., Cheung, Y. K., Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M. S. V., & Wright, C. B. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002582 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Leisure Activities in Late Life in Relation to Dementia Risk: Principal Component Analysis
Paillard‐Borg, S., Fratiglioni, L., Winblad, B. G., & Wang, H. (2009) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000235576 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Older Men Who Use Computers Have Lower Risk of Dementia
Almeida, O. P., Yeap, B. B., Alfonso, H. S., Hankey, G. J., Flicker, L. A., & Norman, P. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044239 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Participation in Novelty-Seeking Leisure Activities and Alzheimer’s Disease
Fritsch, T., Smyth, K. A., Debanne, S. M., Petot, G. J., & Friedland, R. P. (2005) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988705277537 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
White Matter Lesions and Cognitive Performance: The Role of Cognitively Complex Leisure Activity
Saczynski, J. S., Jónsdóttir, M. K., Sigurdsson, S. O., Eiríksdóttir, G., Jónsson, P. V., Garcia, M., Kjartansson, Ó., van Buchem, M. A., Gudnason, V. G., & Launer, L. J. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.8.848 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Monastero, R., Palmer, K., Qiu, C., Winblad, B. G., & Fratiglioni, L. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000229667.98607.34 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Plasticity and the ageing mind: an exemplar of the bio-cultural orchestration of brain and behaviour
Baltes, P. B., & Singer, T. (2001) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s1062798701000060 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Healthy Brain Aging: A Road Map
Desai, A. K., Grossberg, G. T., & Chibnall, J. T. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2009.12.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Desai, A. K. (2011) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.03.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Higgins, J. P. and Green, S. (Eds.)., (2008). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Vol. 5. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860 · see citing works
2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Alzheimer's Association (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12638 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12328 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(, T. D. B. T. A.-R. C. C. A. S. O. A. C. B. S., different, ). J. A. I. A., destroyed, S. A. T. A. S. T. M. E. T. M. C. I. S. I. A. G. W. A. T. R. N. I. T. O. B. T. F. N. T. B. D. A. D. A. U. I. B. R. I. I. F. N. M. A. N. I. O. P. O. T. B. A. D. A., difficulties, I. E. O., agitation, I. N. S. S. A., & delusions., S. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70235 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Fancourt, D., Aughterson, H., Finn, S., Walker, E., & Steptoe, A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30384-9 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration
Marzola, P., Melzer, T., Pavesi, E., Gil-Mohapel, J., & Brocardo, P. S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121610 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Social participation and risk of developing dementia
Sommerlad, A., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Röhr, S., Shirai, K., Singh-Manoux, A., & Livingston, G. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00387-0 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Irazoki, E., Contreras-Somoza, L. M., Toribio-Guzmán, J. M., Río, C. J., van der Roest, H. G., & Franco, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00648 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sala, G., Jopp, D. S., Gobet, F. R., Ogawa, M., Ishioka, Y., Masui, Y., Inagaki, H., Nakagawa, T., Yasumoto, S., Ishizaki, T., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225006 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update
Krivanek, T. J., Gale, S. A., McFeeley, B. M., Nicastri, C. M., & Daffner, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201462 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Ageing without dementia: can stimulating psychosocial and lifestyle experiences make a difference?
Fratiglioni, L., Marseglia, A., & Dekhtyar, S. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30039-9 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lee, A. T. C., Richards, M., Chan, W. C., Chiu, H. F. K., Lee, R. S. Y., & Lam, L. C. W. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0657 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Aging without Dementia is Achievable: Current Evidence from Epidemiological Research
Qiu, C., & Fratiglioni, L. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-171037 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bae, S., Lee, S., Lee, S., Jung, S., Makino, K., Harada, K., Harada, K., Shinkai, Y., Chiba, I., & Shimada, H. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.011 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables
Karunamuni, N. D., Imayama, I., & Goonetilleke, D. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Cadar, D. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.129 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons Learned and Applied
Galvin, J. E. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14997 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Clark, I. N., Tamplin, J., & Baker, F. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01332 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mao, C., Li, Z., Lv, Y., Gao, X., Kraus, V. B., Zhou, J.-H., Wu, X.-B., Shi, W.-Y., Li, F.-R., Liu, S., et al. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz086 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Social engagement and physical frailty in later life: does marital status matter?
Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Zhou, C. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02194-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Raichlen, D. A., Klimentidis, Y. C., Sayre, M. K., Bharadwaj, P. K., Lai, M. H. C., Wilcox, R. R., & Alexander, G. E. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2206931119 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Iizuka, A., Suzuki, H., Ogawa, S., Kobayashi‐Cuya, K. E., Kobayashi, M., Takebayashi, T., & Fujiwara, Y. (2019) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13671 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gelfo, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00150 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Health-Promoting Strategies for the Aging Brain
Chen, S. T., Volle, D. C., Jalil, J., Wu, P., & Small, G. W. (2018) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.12.016 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Matyas, N., Aschenberger, F. K., Wagner, G., Teufer, B., Auer, S., Gisinger, C., Kil, M., Klerings, I., & Gartlehner, G. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027719 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Turrini, S., Wong, B., Eldaief, M. C., Press, D. Z., Sinclair, D. A., Koch, G., Avenanti, A., & Santarnecchi, E. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101939 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of technology use and cognitive aging
Benge, J. F., & Scullin, M. K. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02159-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The effect of lifestyle on late-life cognitive change under different socioeconomic status
Weng, P., Chen, J., Chiou, J., Tu, Y., Chen, T., Chiu, M., Tang, S., Yeh, S., & Chen, Y. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197676 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Primary prevention of dementia: from modifiable risk factors to a public brain health agenda?
Hussenoeder, F. S., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1598-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The role of lifestyle factors in cognitive health and dementia in oldest-old: A systematic review
Ye, K. X., Sun, L., Wang, L., Khoo, A. L. Y., Lim, K. X., Lü, G., Yu, L., Li, C., Maier, A. B., & Feng, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105286 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Leisure activity participation and risk of dementia: An 18-year follow-up of the Whitehall II Study
Sommerlad, A., Sabia, S., Livingston, G., Kivimäki, M., Lewis, G., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010966 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Impairment
Murtaza, A., & Dasgupta, I. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105529 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Quantity and quality of mental activities and the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment
Krell‐Roesch, J., Syrjanen, J. A., Vassilaki, M. E., Machulda, M. M., Mielke, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Kremers, W. K., Petersen, R. C., & Geda, Y. E. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007897 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Change Is Good for the Brain: Activity Diversity and Cognitive Functioning Across Adulthood
Lee, S., Charles, S. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa020 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Maintaining cognitive function with internet use: a two-country, six-year longitudinal study
Berner, J., Comijs, H. C., Elmståhl, S., Welmer, A., Berglund, J. S., Anderberg, P., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000668 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Anatürk, M., Demnitz, N., Ebmeier, K. P., & Sexton, C. E. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Du, Y., Li, J., & Qiu, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00129 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hartanto, A., Yong, J. C., Toh, W. X., Lee, S. T. H., Tng, G. Y. Q., & Tov, W. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106179 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Campbell, L. M., Paolillo, E. W., Heaton, A., Tang, B., Depp, C. A., Granholm, E. L., Heaton, R. K., Swendsen, J. D., Moore, D. J., & Moore, R. C. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/19579 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Almeida‐Meza, P., Steptoe, A., & Cadar, D. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200952 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Iizuka, A., Suzuki, H., Ogawa, S., Kobayashi‐Cuya, K. E., Kobayashi, M., Inagaki, H., Sugiyama, M., Awata, S., Takebayashi, T., & Fujiwara, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5024 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Walsh, S., Causer, R., & Brayne, C. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1699019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cutuli, D., Landolfo, E., Petrosini, L., & Gelfo, F. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215193 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Designing ICTs for Users with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Usability Study
Castilla, D., Suso-Ribera, C., Zaragoza, I., Garcia-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145153 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Previous literature highlights the negative effects of age on spatial abilities, memory, attention, and perceptual speed [19,27,75].”
BackgroundRodriguez, F., Zheng, L., & Chui, H. (2019) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000501150 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ganapathy, S. S., Sooryanarayana, R., Ahmad, N. A., Jamaluddin, R., Abd Razak, M. A., Tan, M. P., Mohd Sidik, S., Mohamad Zahir, S., Sandanasamy, K. S., & Ibrahim, N. (2020) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/ggi.14031 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bielak, A. A. M., & Gow, A. J. (2022) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000524666 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neural Contributions to Reduced Fluid Intelligence across the Adult Lifespan
Mitchell, D. J., Mousley, A., Shafto, M. A., Cam-CAN, & Duncan, J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0148-22.2022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fong, Z. H., Tan, S. H., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., & Chee, T. T. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1786802 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kurita, S., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., Kim, M., & Shimada, H. (2018) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13532 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Senff, J. R., Tack, R. W. P., Mallick, A., Gutiérrez-Martínez, L., Duskin, J. A., Kimball, T. N., Tan, B. Y., Chemali, Z. N., Newhouse, A. L., Kourkoulis, C. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-334925 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fleck, J., Arnold, M. S., Dykstra, B., Casario, K., Douglas, E., & Morris, O. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00310 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Duffner, L. A., DeJong, N. R., Jansen, J. F. A., Backes, W. H., de Vugt, M. E., Deckers, K., & Köhler, S. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101986 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reserve in Alzheimer's disease: update on the concept, functional mechanisms and sex differences.
Ewers, M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000574 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the GO Game Intervention on Cognitive Function
Iizuka, A., Suzuki, H., Ogawa, S., Kobayashi‐Cuya, K. E., Kobayashi, M., Takebayashi, T., & Fujiwara, Y. (2018) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317517753362 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Association of Playing Cards or Mahjong with Cognitive Function in Chinese Older Adults
Wang, J., Liu, N., & Zhao, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159249 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tian, G., Shuai, J., Li, R., Zhou, T., Shi, Y., Cheng, G., & Yan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.966647 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mind-stimulating leisure activities: Prospective associations with health, wellbeing, and longevity
Węziak‐Białowolska, D., Białowolski, P., & Sacco, P. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1117822 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Anatürk, M., Suri, S., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Mahmood, A., Singh‐Manoux, A., Mika Kivimaki, B., Mackay, C. E., Ebmeier, K. P., & Sexton, C. E. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13793 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kaup, A. R., Xia, F., Launer, L. J., Sidney, S., Nasrallah, I. M., Erus, G., Allen, N. B., & Yaffe, K. S. (2018) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000474 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Late life education and cognitive function in older adults
Peeters, G. M. E. E., Kenny, R. A., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5281 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Galvin, J. E., Tolea, M. I., & Chrisphonte, S. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12134 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Li, X., Zhang, J., Hou, R., Zheng, M., Singh, M., Li, H., Li, C., Zhang, X., Yang, X., Wu, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.031 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ourry, V., Binette, A. P., St‐Onge, F., Strikwerda‐Brown, C., Chagnot, A., Poirier, J., Breitner, J. C. S., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Rabin, J. S., Buckley, R. F., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anatürk, M., Suri, S., Smith, S. M., Ebmeier, K. P., & Sexton, C. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.734866 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Galvin, J. E., Kleiman, M. J., Chrisphonte, S., Cohen, I., Disla, S., Galvin, C. B., Greenfield, K. K., Moore, C., Rawn, S., Riccio, M. L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215077 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Positive impacts of early auditory training on cortical processing at an older age
Cheng, Y., Jia, G., Zhang, Y., Hao, H., Shan, Y., Yu, L., Sun, X., Zheng, Q., Kraus, N., Merzenich, M. M., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707086114 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kaur, H., Schneider, J. M., & Orrell, M. W. (2021) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s323994 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Qiu, J., Sun, H., Zhong, C., Ma, Q., Wang, C., Zhou, X., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13774 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Social Engagement and Sleep Quality among Older Adults in Rural China: Is There a Sex Difference?
Wang, Y., Li, J., Fu, P., Jing, Z., & Zhou, C. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.11.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sone, D., Beheshti, I., Shinagawa, S., Niimura, H., Kobayashi, N., Kida, H., Shikimoto, R., Noda, Y., Nakajima, S., Bun, S., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01793-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ali, S., Alizai, H., Hagos, D. J., Rubio, S. R., Calabia, D., Jimenez, P., Senthil, V. A., & Appel, L. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/50186 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Understanding the potential of technology to support enhanced activities of daily living (EADLs)
Rogers, W. A., Mitzner, T. L., & Bixter, M. T. (2020) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2020.19.2.005.00 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cognitive reserve in patients with first-episode psychosis as outcome predictor at 5-year follow-up
Camprodon‐Boadas, P., de la Serna, E., Baeza, I., Puig, O., Ilzarbe, D., Sugranyes, G., Borràs, R., & Castro‐Fornieles, J. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01668-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vanova, M., Irazoki, E., García-Casal, J. A., Abad, F. M., Botella, C., Shiells, K. R., & Franco, M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2371-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Williams, B. D., Pendleton, N., & Chandola, T. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100656 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., Tsutsumimoto, K., Doi, T., Nakakubo, S., Kurita, S., Makizako, H., & Shimada, H. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032679 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Polygenic Score and Cognitive Activity in Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults
Shin, S. H., Park, S., Wright, C., D’Astous, V., & Kim, G. (2020) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaa073 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cibeira, N., Lorenzo‐López, L., Maseda, A., Blanco‐Fandiño, J., López‐López, R., & Millán-Calentí, J. C. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.026 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cognitive Reserve and Executive Functions in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Peña-González, P., Mondragón‐Maya, A., Silva‐Pereyra, J., & Roa‐Rojas, P. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2020/7941543 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Barragán, A. G., Lucumí, D., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.629251 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Iñesta, C., Oltra‐Cucarella, J., Bonete-López, B., Calderón-Rubio, E., & Maciá, E. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18199958 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sharew, N. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.894930 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Leisure, Mental Health, and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Kim, J., Lee, J., Ko, M. J., & Oh, S. M. (2022) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.46.4.8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Peterson, R. L., Gilsanz, P., George, K. M., Ackley, S. F., Glymour, M. M., Mungas, D., & Whitmer, R. A. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12047 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Creativity, leisure activities, social engagement and cognitive impairment: the AGES-Reykjavík study
Hansdóttir, H., Jónsdóttir, M. K., Fisher, D. E., Eiríksdóttir, G., Jónsson, P. V., & Gudnason, V. G. (2022) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-02036-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kurita, S., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., Nakakubo, S., Kim, M., Ishii, H. H., & Shimada, H. (2020) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzaa052 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Association of physical and/or cognitive activity with cognitive impairment in older adults
Kurita, S., Tsutsumimoto, K., Doi, T., Nakakubo, S., Kim, M., Ishii, H. H., & Shimada, H. (2020) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13814 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Environmental Enrichment Enhances Cerebellar Compensation and Develops Cerebellar Reserve
Gelfo, F., & Petrosini, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095697 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Simon, S. S., Lee, S., Gu, Y., Mensing, A., Noofoory, D., Nazario, G. H., Babukutty, R. S., & Stern, Y. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617722000510 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Olaru, G., Laukka, E. J., Dekhtyar, S., Sarwary, A., & Brehmer, Y. (2023) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000743 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Aung, H. L., Kootar, S., Gates, T. M., Brew, B. J., & Cysique, L. A. (2019) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-019-00164-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mohammad, N., Rezapour, T., Kormi‐Nouri, R., Abdekhodaie, E., Ghamsari, A. S. M., Ehsan, H. B., & Hatami, J. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219001613 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Jia, M., Xiang, C., Lin, S., Jiang, Z., & Fang, Y. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114434 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yates, L. A., Ziser, S., Spector, A., & Orrell, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Yates, Lauren A
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1791-1806
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-203X
- OpenAlex
- W2510019780
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (08/116/06)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- dementia risk, cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, cognitive stimulation, leisure, memory, executive function, processing speed, later-life cognition, dementia prevention, lifestyle intervention, older adults, cognitive reserve, brain reserve, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophins, neurotensin
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Dementia, Humans, Leisure Activities, Life Style, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
