Capillary Electrophoresis–Nanoelectrospray Ionization–Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry via a True Sheathless Metal-Coated Emitter Interface for Robust and High-Sensitivity Sample Quantification
Open accessAbstract
A new sheathless transient capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)/capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS interface, based on a commercially available capillary with an integrated metal-coated ESI emitter, was developed in this study aiming at overcoming the reproducibility and ruggedness problems suffered to a certain degree by almost all the available CE-MS interfaces, and pushing the CE-MS technology suitable for routine sample analysis with high sensitivity. The new CITP/CZE-MS interface allows the electric contact between ESI voltage power supply and the CE separation liquid by using a conductive liquid that comes in contact with the metal-coated surface of the ESI emitter, making it a true sheathless CE-MS interface. Stable electrospray was established by avoiding the formation of gas bubbles from electrochemical reaction inside the CE capillary. Crucial operating parameters, such as sample loading volume, flow rate, and separation voltage, were systematically evaluated for their effects on both CITP/CZE separation efficiency and MS detection sensitivity. Around one hundred CITP/CZE-MS analyses can be easily achieved by using the new sheathless CITP/CZE interface without a noticeable loss of metal coating on the ESI emitter surface, or degrading of the ESI emitter performance. The reproducibility in analyte migration time and quantitative performance of the new interface was experimentally evaluated to demonstrate a LOQ below 5 attomole.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Guo and co-workers provided a detailed experimental examination of a sheathless transient capillary isotachophoresis/CZE-MS interface.
“A detailed experimental examination of a sheathless transient capillary isotachophoresis (cITP)/CZE−MS interface was provided by Guo and co-workers62.”
From Recent trends of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in proteomics research (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
The metal coating on the ESI emitter was found to be highly sensitive and robust for approximately 100 analyses of a mixture of 9 peptide standards.
“The metal-coating on the ESI emitter was found to be highly sensitive and robust for approximately 100 analyses of a mixture of 9 peptide standards.”
From Recent trends of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in proteomics research (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
CE-MS with selected reaction monitoring provided reliable quantification of a peptide mixture with a coefficient of variation between 0.2 and 1.8% for migration time.
“The method was highly reproducible and robust and provided reliable quantification of a peptide mixture with a coefficient of variation (CV) between 0.2 and 1.8% for the migration time.”
From Recent trends of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in proteomics research (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Skyline: an open source document editor for creating and analyzing targeted proteomics experiments
MacLean, B., Tomazela, D. M., Shulman, N., Chambers, M., Finney, G. L., Frewen, B., Kern, R., Tabb, D. L., Liebler, D. C., & MacCoss, M. J. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq054 · Cited by 4,697 · see citing works
Improved electrospray ionization interface for capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry
Smith, R. D., Barinaga, C. J., & Udseth, H. R. (1988) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00169a022 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Moini, M. (2007) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0704560 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Wojcik, R., Dada, O. O., Sadilek, M., & Dovichi, N. J. (2010) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.4672 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Sun, L., Zhu, G., Zhang, Z., Mou, S., & Dovichi, N. J. (2015) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00100 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Ultrasensitive and Fast Bottom‐up Analysis of Femtogram Amounts of Complex Proteome Digests
Sun, L., Zhu, G., Zhao, Y., Yan, X., Mou, S., & Dovichi, N. J. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201308139 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Wahl, J. H., Gale, D. C., & Smith, R. (1994) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)85026-7 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Busnel, J., Schoenmaker, B., Ramautar, R., Carrasco‐Pancorbo, A., Ratnayake, C. K., Feitelson, J. S., Chapman, J. D., Deelder, A. M., & Mayboroda, O. A. (2010) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac102159d · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Haselberg, R., de Jong, G. J., & Somsen, G. W. (2013) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac303158f · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Isotachophoresis as an on-line concentration pretreatment technique in capillary electrophoresis
Stegehuis, D. S., Irthu, H., Tjaden, U. R., & van der Greef, J. (1991) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88860-9 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Figeys, D., van Oostveen, I., Ducret, A., & Aebersold, R. H. (1996) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac960191h · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ramautar, R., Busnel, J., Deelder, A. M., & Mayboroda, O. A. (2011) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac202407v · Cited by 129 · see citing works
CE‐MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2012–2014
Ramautar, R., Somsen, G. W., & de Jong, G. J. (2014) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201400388 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kelly, J. F., Ramaley, L., & Thibault, P. (1997) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac960760l · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nilsson, S., Wetterhall, M., Bergquist, J., Nyholm, L., & Markides, K. E. (2001) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.466 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Optimizing capillary electrophoresis for top‐down proteomics of 30–80 kDa proteins
Li, Y., Compton, P. D., Tran, J. C., Ntai, I., & Kelleher, N. L. (2014) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201300381 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chang, Y., & Her, G. R. (1999) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac990535e · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Han, X., Wang, Y., Aslanian, A., Bern, M., Lavallée-Adam, M., & Yates, J. R. (2014) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac503439n · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sarg, B., Faserl, K., Kremser, L., Halfinger, B., Sebastiano, R., & Lindner, H. H. (2013) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m112.024109 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Han, X., Wang, Y., Aslanian, A., Fonslow, B., Graczyk, B., Davis, T. N., & Yates, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr500971h · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Issaq, H. J., Janini, G. M., Chan, K. C., & Veenstra, T. (2004) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(04)01475-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Quantitative Proteomics Using Ultralow Flow Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry
Faserl, K., Kremser, L., Müller, M., Teis, D., & Lindner, H. H. (2015) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00312 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wetterhall, M., Nilsson, S., Markides, K. E., & Bergquist, J. (2001) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac010748f · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The role of capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry to proteome analysis and biomarker discovery
Ahmed, F. (2009) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wang, C., Lee, C. S., Smith, R. D., & Tang, K. (2013) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac401202c · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, L., Zhu, G., Yan, X., Champion, M. M., & Dovic̀hi, N. J. (2013) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201300295 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zamfir, A. D., Dincă, N., Şişu, E., & Peter‐Katalinić, J. (2006) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.200500374 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, C., Lee, C. S., Smith, R. D., & Tang, K. (2012) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac302616m · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationA simple method for fabrication of silver‐coated sheathless electrospray emitters
Chen, Y., & Her, G. (2003) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.940 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sun, L., Zhu, G., Mou, S., Zhao, Y., Champion, M. M., & Dovic̀hi, N. J. (2014) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kele, Z., Ferenc, G., Klement, É., Tóth, G. K., & Janáky, T. (2005) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.1866 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances
Voeten, R. L. C., Ventouri, I. K., Haselberg, R., & Somsen, G. W. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Omics-Driven Biotechnology for Industrial Applications
Amer, B., & Baidoo, E. E. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.613307 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Next-generation capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry approaches in metabolomics
Zhang, W., Hankemeier, T., & Ramautar, R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2016.07.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Recent trends of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in proteomics research
Gomes, F. P., & Yates, J. R. (2019) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.21599 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Wojcik, R., Zhang, X., Ibrahim, Y., Burnum-Johnson, K., Orton, D., Monroe, M. E., Moore, R., Smith, R. D., & Baker, E. S. (2017) · Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045212 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Single-cell metabolomics by mass spectrometry: Advances, challenges, and future applications
Ali, A., Abouleila, Y., Shimizu, Y., Hiyama, E., Emara, S., Mashaghi, A., & Hankemeier, T. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.033 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Recent advances in CE‐MS coupling: Instrumentation, methodology, and applications
Týčová, A., Ledvina, V., & Klepárník, K. (2017) · ELECTROPHORESIS · doi:10.1002/elps.201600366 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Recent advances (2019–2021) of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry for multilevel proteomics
Chen, D., McCool, E. N., Yang, Z., Shen, X., Lubeckyj, R. A., Xu, T., Wang, Q., & Sun, L. (2021) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.21714 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
CE–MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2014–2016
Ramautar, R., Somsen, G. W., & de Jong, G. J. (2016) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201600370 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, D., Shen, X., & Sun, L. (2017) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c7an00509a · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for bottom-up proteomics
Zhang, Z., Qu, Y., & Dovichi, N. J. (2018) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Coupling of CE‐MS for protein and peptide analysis
Mikšı́k, I. (2018) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.201800817 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Choi, S. B., Zamarbide, M., Manzini, M. C., & Nemes, P. (2016) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1007/s13361-016-1532-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Höcker, O., Montealegre, C., & Neusüß, C. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1179-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Štěpánová, S., & Kašička, V. (2018) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.201801090 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chen, D., Shen, X., & Sun, L. (2018) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.037 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for cell analysis
Zhou, W., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Sun, W., Li, W., & Chen, Z. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Shen, X., Chen, D., & Sun, L. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02466 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nguyen, B. T., & Kang, M. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24101977 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wu, H., & Tang, K. (2020) · Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1515/revac-2020-0112 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent advances of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodology
Jiang, Y., He, M.-Y., Zhang, W.-J., Luo, P., Guo, D., Fang, X., & Xu, W. (2017) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Analytical capillary isotachophoresis after 50 years of development: Recent progress 2014–2016
Malá, Z., Gebauer, P., & Boček, P. (2016) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201600289 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High‐Throughput Bioassays using “Dip‐and‐Go” Multiplexed Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Wei, Z., Xie, Z., Kuvelkar, R., Shah, V., Bateman, K. P., McLaren, D. G., & Cooks, R. G. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201909047 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Peuchen, E. H., & Dovic̀hi, N. J. (2017) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01147 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry for Top-Down Proteomics
Wang, Q., Wang, Q., Zhu, G., & Sun, L. (2025) · Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-071124-092242 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kawai, T. (2017) · Chromatography · doi:10.15583/jpchrom.2017.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Spatially Defined Surface Sampling Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry
Duncan, K. D., & Lanekoff, I. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01516 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kristoff, C. J., Li, C., Li, P., & Holland, L. (2020) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03994 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Challenges and applications of isotachophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: A review
Melzer, T., Wimmer, B., Bock, S., Posch, T. N., & Hühn, C. (2020) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201900454 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Lou, C., Li, J., & Kang, J. (2020) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461215 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Colón-Rosado, J. A., & Sun, L. (2024) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.3c00429 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gou, M., Nys, G., Cobraiville, G., Demelenne, A., Servais, A., & Fillet, M. (2020) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460873 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peró-Gascón, R., Pont, L., Sanz‐Nebot, V., & Benavente, F. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9213-3_5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RSBP15 interacts with and stabilizes dRSPH3 during sperm axoneme assembly in Drosophila
Wang, Y., Xu, R., Cheng, Y., Cao, H., Wang, Z., Zhu, T., Jiang, J., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Qi, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2019.05.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationUzma, & Xiong, H. (2025) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128029 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ji, T., Wu, H., Hu, J. J., Yu, J., Zhang, J. L., Wang, C., Yin, T., & Tang, K. (2020) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d0an01640c · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh‐Throughput Bioassays using “Dip‐and‐Go” Multiplexed Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Wei, Z., Xie, Z., Kuvelkar, R., Shah, V., Bateman, K. P., McLaren, D. G., & Cooks, R. G. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201909047 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bai, J., Bao, M., Wang, S., Wen, T., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Mei, T., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2023.341794 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis for enzyme analysis (2021–2024)
Su, Y. Y. T., Shui, F., Tang, J., Wei, Y., Zhang, Q., Ke, F., & Zeng, J. (2025) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2025.113701 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wu, H., Yi, L., Wojcik, R., Shi, T., & Tang, K. (2018) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c8an01779d · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationDuncan, K. D., & Lanekoff, I. (2021) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839163524-00125 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Peptidomics and Capillary Electrophoresis
Štěpánová, S., & Kašička, V. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ion Bunching in Square-Wave-Driven Mobility Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry
Tan, C., Hong, J., & Xu, W. L. (2022) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01134 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hu, X., Gao, W., Liu, R., Tang, C. Y., Wu, H., Yu, J., Wang, Y., & Tang, K. (2024) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCE–MS Methods for the Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies
Reinert, T., Beck, A., Houzé, P., Gahoual, R., & François, Y. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527833092.ch11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Green Separation Techniques for Environmental Chemicals
Montoro-Leal, P., Morales-Benítez, I., García-Mesa, J. C., López-Guerrero, M. D. M., & Alonso, E. V. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837676187-00480 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bakar, N. H. A., & Tu, H. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.70886 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics Using New Interfacing Designs
Ramautar, R. (2018) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788012737-00066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Electrophoretic Techniques
Piergiovanni, A. R., & Herrero‐Martínez, J. M. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03921-228-6
Green Separation Methodologies for Environmental Chemicals
(2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837676187-part2
Maráková, K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34209-7.00011-x
Estayan, M. I. C., Liang, S.-Y., Tiu, I. J. T., Qiu, Z.-A., Cabanit, J. A. D. J., & Peng, W. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03144
A Modular Chip-Based Interface for Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis−Mass Spectrometry
Schwieger, J., Welters, K., Warias, R., & Belder, D. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03785
- Authors
- Guo, X., Fillmore, T. L., Gao, Y., & Tang, K.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (CN)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tang, Keqi
- Venue
- Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-04-08
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4418-4425
- ISSN
- 0003-2700 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6882
- PMC
- PMC4854437
- OpenAlex
- W2320317426
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Analytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R21 CA199744, R33 CA155252)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC05-76RL01830)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41 GM103493)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- capillary isotachophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis, electrospray ionization, multiple reaction monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Electrolytes, Peptides, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Nanotechnology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
