Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults
Open accessAbstract
Human exposure to microplastic is recognized as a global problem, but the uncertainty, variability, and lifetime accumulation are unresolved. We provide a probabilistic lifetime exposure model for children and adults, which accounts for intake via eight food types and inhalation, intestinal absorption, biliary excretion, and plastic-associated chemical exposure via a physiologically based pharmacokinetic submodel. The model probabilistically simulates microplastic concentrations in the gut, body tissue, and stool, the latter allowing validation against empirical data. Rescaling methods were used to ensure comparability between microplastic abundance data. Microplastic (1–5000 μm) median intake rates are 553 particles/capita/day (184 ng/capita/day) and 883 particles/capita/day (583 ng/capita/day) for children and adults, respectively. This intake can irreversibly accumulate to 8.32 × 103 (90% CI, 7.08 × 102–1.91 × 106) particles/capita or 6.4 (90% CI, 0.1–2.31 × 103) ng/capita for children until age 18, and up to 5.01 × 104 (90% CI, 5.25 × 103–9.33 × 106) particles/capita or 40.7 (90% CI, 0.8–9.85 × 103) ng/capita for adults until age 70 in the body tissue for 1–10 μm particles. Simulated microplastic concentrations in stool agree with empirical data. Chemical absorption from food and ingested microplastic of the nine intake media based on biphasic, reversible, and size-specific sorption kinetics, reveals that the contribution of microplastics to total chemical intake is small. The as-yet-unknown contributions of other food types are discussed in light of future research needs.
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Recent studies estimate that 39,000-320,000 microplastic particles might be ingested annually by adults.
“Recent studies estimate that 39,000–320,000 microplastic particles might be ingested annually by adults.11,12”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Results and Discussion section reports a median adult intake of 883 particles per day, or about 322,000 per year, which supports the upper figure approximately. But that estimate combines food intake with inhalation, whereas the claim says “ingested”; our copy also does not give 39,000 per year as the lower figure. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe negative relationship between fish length and fillet concentrations supports the possibility that translocated anthropogenic particles can be excreted over time (e.g., biliary excretion) or there may be growth dilution.
“This supports the possibility that translocated anthropogenic particles can be excreted over time (e.g., biliary excretion) or there may be growth dilution.12,22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
In Materials and Methods > Plastic Model and Results and Discussion > Lifetime Exposure to Microplastic (page unavailable), the paper models biliary excretion of microplastics from human tissue as a possible pathway. It estimates fish muscle concentrations for dietary exposure, but does not link fish length to fillet concentrations or discuss growth dilution as an explanation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe negative relationship between fish length and fillet particle concentration suggests that bioaccumulation is not occurring, and instead other mechanisms such as growth dilution or biliary excretion may be driving this pattern.
“This suggests that bioaccumulation is not occurring, and instead other mechanisms (such as growth dilution or biliary excretion) may be driving this pattern.12,22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Plastic Model section describes estimating microplastic concentrations in fish muscle from gut measurements, but does not examine fish length or a relationship between length and fillet particle concentration. It models biliary excretion in humans, not as an explanation for a pattern in fish. Searches for growth dilution, fish length, and fish bioaccumulation found no passage addressing the claimed inference. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?
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“12,22 Growth dilution is the phenomenon of larger fi sh having lower concentrations of a chemical than smaller fi sh owing to their fast growth and resulting high biomass.”
Current Status of Organic Matters in Bottled Drinking Water in Korea
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- Authors
- Mohamed Nor, N. H., Kooi, M., Diepens, N. J., & Koelmans, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University , , P.O. Box 47 , ,
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-03-16
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 5084-5096
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC8154366
- OpenAlex
- W3136286353
- Cited by
- 652
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 30
- FWCI
- 23.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- PMBM Scholarship Fund Board
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality group of Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- microplastics, lifetime exposure, microplastic accumulation, children, adults, dietary intake, inhalation exposure, intestinal absorption, biliary excretion, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, plastic-associated chemicals, sorption kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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