Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood
Open accessAbstract
Following a request from the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), the EFSA Panel for Contaminants in the Food Chain was asked to deliver a statement on the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. Primary microplastics are plastics originally manufactured to be that size, while secondary microplastics originate from fragmentation. Nanoplastics can originate from engineered material or can be produced during fragmentation of microplastic debris. Microplastics range from 0.1 to 5,000 μm and nanoplastics from approximately 1 to 100 nm (0.001-0.1 μm). There is no legislation for microplastics and nanoplastics as contaminants in food. Methods are available for identification and quantification of microplastics in food, including seafood. Occurrence data are limited. In contrast to microplastics no methods or occurrence data in food are available for nanoplastics. Microplastics can contain on average 4% of additives and the plastics can adsorb contaminants. Both additives and contaminants can be of organic as well of inorganic nature. Based on a conservative estimate the presence of microplastics in seafood would have a small effect on the overall exposure to additives or contaminants. Toxicity and toxicokinetic data are lacking for both microplastics and nanoplastics for a human risk assessment. It is recommended that analytical methods should be further developed for microplastics and developed for nanoplastics and standardised, in order to assess their presence, identity and to quantify their amount in food. Furthermore, quality assurance should be in place and demonstrated. For microplastics and nanoplastics, occurrence data in food, including effects of food processing, in particular, for the smaller sized particles (< 150 μm) should be generated. Research on the toxicokinetics and toxicity, including studies on local effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, are needed as is research on the degradation of microplastics and potential formation of nanoplastics in the human GI tract.
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There is currently insufficient evidence for the presence of microplastics in seaweeds.
“Although there is not sufficient evidence for the presence of microplastics in seaweeds currently [60]”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
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The Potential Risks Arising from Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies on Food and Feed Safety
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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- Authors
- (CONTAM), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C.
- Corresponding author
- EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)
- Venue
- EFSA Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e04501-e04501
- ISSN
- 1831-4732 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11847996
- OpenAlex
- W2515987409
- Cited by
- 958
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 15.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- EFSA Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, nanoplastics, seafood, food contamination, primary microplastics, secondary microplastics, microplastic additives, human exposure, toxicokinetics, gastrointestinal tract, food processing, analytical methods, occurrence data, food safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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