Investigation of Sources of Fluorinated Compounds in Private Water Supplies in an Oil and Gas-Producing Region of Northern West Virginia
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of toxic organic compounds that have been widely used in consumer applications and industrial activities, including oil and gas production. We measured PFAS concentrations in 45 private wells and 8 surface water sources in the oil and gas-producing Doddridge, Marshall, Ritchie, Tyler, and Wetzel Counties of northern West Virginia and investigated relationships between potential PFAS sources and drinking water receptors. All surface water samples and 60% of the water wells sampled contained quantifiable levels of at least one targeted PFAS compound, and four wells (8%) had concentrations above the proposed maximum contaminant level (MCL) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Individual concentrations of PFOA and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid exceeded those measured in finished public water supplies. Total targeted PFAS concentrations ranged from nondetect to 36.8 ng/L, with surface water concentrations averaging 4-fold greater than groundwater. Semiquantitative, nontargeted analysis showed concentrations of emergent PFAS that were potentially higher than targeted PFAS. Results from a multivariate latent variable hierarchical Bayesian model were combined with insights from analyses of groundwater chemistry, topographic characteristics, and proximity to potential PFAS point sources to elucidate predictors of PFAS concentrations in private wells. Model results reveal (i) an increased vulnerability to contamination in upland recharge zones, (ii) geochemical controls on PFAS transport likely driven by adsorption, and (iii) possible influence from nearby point sources.
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Airborne emissions of PFASs have been associated with contamination of well water in regions located downwind of significant sources.
“Airborne emissions of PFASs have been associated with contamination of well water in regions located downwind of significant sources.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
Volatile PFAS precursors, such as FTOHs, are primarily found in the gaseous state and can persist in the atmosphere for up to 80 days, enabling long-range transport.
“Volatile PFAS precursors, such as FTOHs, are primarily found in the gaseous state and can persist in the atmosphere for up to 80 days, enabling long-range transport [94].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
The Introduction mentions PFAS stack emissions, and Results and Discussion considers possible atmospheric contributions to well-water contamination. Neither passage addresses whether FTOHs are primarily gaseous, persist in air for up to 80 days, or undergo long-range transport (searched: FTOH, 80 days, atmospheric lifetime and gas-phase transport). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Siegel, H. G., Nason, S. L., Warren, J. L., Prunas, O., Deziel, N. C., & Saiers, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (US)
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Siegel, Helen G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-11-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 17452-17464
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC10653085
- OpenAlex
- W4388313542
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Graduate Education (DGE-1122492)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (CR839249)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS contamination, private wells, groundwater contamination, oil and gas production, hydraulic fracturing, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFBS, surface water, groundwater recharge areas, adsorption, point source pollution, northern West Virginia
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Caprylates, Fluorocarbons, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, West Virginia, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Groundwater, Drinking Water
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