Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: A statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations
Open accessAbstract
The objectives of this study are to identify per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters, corresponding associations with potential sources of PFAS contamination (PSOC) and other parameters, and compare raw surface water concentrations to human and ecological benchmarks. Surface water samples from 161 streams were collected in September 2019 and were analyzed for 33 target PFAS and water chemistry. Land use and physical attributes in upstream catchments and geospatial counts of PSOC in local catchments are summarized. The hydrologic yield of the sum of 33 PFAS (∑PFAS) for each stream was computed by normalizing each site's load by the drainage area of the upstream catchment. Utilizing conditional inference tree analysis, the percentage of development (>7.58 %) was identified as a primary driver of the ∑PFAS hydrologic yields. When percentage of development was removed from analysis, ∑PFAS yields were closely related to surface water chemistry associated with landscape alteration (e.g., development or agricultural cropland), such as concentrations of total nitrogen, chloride, and ammonia, but also to count of water pollution control facilities (agricultural, industrial, stormwater, and/or municipal waste pollution abatement facilities). In oil and gas development regions, ∑PFAS yields were associated with combined sewage outfalls. Sites surrounded by ≥2 electronic manufacturing facilities had elevated ∑PFAS yields (median = 241 ng/s/km2). Study results are critical to guide future research, regulatory policy, best practices that will mitigate PFAS contamination, and the communication of human health and ecological risks associated with PFAS exposure from surface waters.
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Equipment blanks and field blanks were not part of this synoptic study but were part of a larger Pennsylvania statewide study.
“Equipment blanks and field blanks were not part of this synoptic study but were part of a larger Pennsylvania statewide study and are described by Breitmeyer et al. (2023).4”
From Using a Time-of-Travel Sampling Approach to Quantify Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Stream Loading and Source Inputs in a Mixed-Source, Urban Catchment (2024) · cites this paper as Breitmeyer et al. (2023)
Sources of PFAS to surface water include PFAS manufacturing, microchip manufacturing, metal-plating, textile industries, sewage treatment plants, combined sewer overflows, landfills, and aqueous film-forming foam releases.
“Sources of PFAS to surface water include PFAS manufacturing, microchip manufacturing, metal-plating, textile industries, sewage treatment plants (STPs), combined sewer overflows, landfills, and aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) releases, among others.”
For PFAS collection, additional steps were added to standard procedures to reduce sample contamination, focused on sampling equipment types, equipment cleaning, and the clean-hands/dirty-hands procedure.
“For PFAS collection, additional steps were added to standard procedures to reduce sample contamination, and these additional steps focused on sampling equipment types, equipment cleaning, and details on the clean-hands/dirty-hands procedure.4”
The study catchment contains documented PFAS point sources (military bases with AFFF releases and STP outfalls) and diffuse sources (urban runoff and groundwater with documented PFAS contamination) and consequently PFAS surface and groundwater contamination.
“The catchment contains documented PFAS point sources (military bases with AFFF releases and STP outfalls that discharge to streams) and diffuse sources (urban runoff and groundwater with documented PFAS contamination that discharge to streams) and consequently, PFAS surface and groundwater contamination.4,11,18”
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- Authors
- Breitmeyer, S. E., Williams, A. M., Duris, J. W., Eicholtz, L. W., Shull, D. R., Wertz, T. A., & Woodward, E. E.
- Affiliations
- New Jersey Water Science Center (US)
- Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (US)
- Pennsylvania Water Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Breitmeyer, Sara E.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 888
- Pages
- 164161
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4376620306
- Semantic Scholar
- 84b96f5dcb0400cd018af3927c49126f46d55080
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS contamination, surface water, Pennsylvania streams, land use, development, oil and gas development, agricultural land use, water chemistry, PFAS sources
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