Temporal trends for inflow of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) to Tokyo Bay, Japan, estimated by a receptor-oriented approach
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We estimated inflow rates of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) to Tokyo Bay, Japan, between February 2004 and February 2011 by a receptor-oriented approach based on quarterly samplings of the bay water. Temporal trends in these inflow rates are an important basis for evaluating changes in PFOS and PFOA emissions in the Tokyo Bay catchment basin. A mixing model estimated the average concentrations of these compounds in the freshwater inflow to the bay, which were then multiplied by estimated freshwater inflow rates to obtain the inflow rates of these compounds. The receptor-oriented approach enabled us to comprehensively cover inflow to the bay, including inflow via direct discharge to the bay. On a logarithmic basis, the rate of inflow for PFOS decreased gradually, particularly after 2006, whereas that for PFOA exhibited a marked stepwise decrease from 2006 to 2007. The rate of inflow for PFOS decreased from 730kg/y during 2004-2006 to 160kg/y in 2010, whereas that for PFOA decreased from 2000kg/y during 2004-2006 to 290kg/y in 2010. These reductions probably reflected reductions in the use and emission of these compounds and their precursors in the Tokyo Bay catchment basin. Our estimated per-person inflow rates (i.e., inflow rates divided by the estimated population in the basin) for PFOS were generally comparable to previously reported per-person waterborne emission rates in Japan and other countries, whereas those for PFOA were generally higher than previously reported per-person waterborne emission rates. A comparison with previous estimates of household emission rates of these compounds suggested that our inflow estimates included a considerable contribution from point industrial sources.
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PFOS showed statistically significant declining trends in several surface waters: Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006, marine and fresh waters on the west coast of South Korea between 2008 and 2012, and Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013.
“PFOS showed statistically significant declining trends in several surface waters, namely; in Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006 [129], in marine and fresh waters on the west coast of South Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95] and in Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013 [140].”
PFOA showed statistically significant declining trends in the same surface waters for which declining PFOS trends were also observed: Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006, marine and fresh waters on the west coast of Korea between 2008 and 2012, and Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013.
“PFOA showed statistically significant declining trends in the same surface waters for which declining PFOS trends were also observed, namely; in Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006 [129], in marine and fresh waters on the west coast of Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95] and in Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013 [140].”
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- Authors
- Sakurai, T., Serizawa, S., Kobayashi, J., Kodama, K., Lee, J.-H., Maki, H., Zushi, Y., Sevilla-Nastor, J. B., Imaizumi, Y., Suzuki, N., Horiguchi, T., & Shiraishi, H.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sakurai, Takeo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 539
- Pages
- 277-285
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1420116185
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26660162, 15H05340)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, Tokyo Bay, temporal trends, inflow rate, mixing models, freshwater discharge, industrial point sources, residential emissions, perfluorinated compounds, catchment basins
- MeSH terms
- Caprylates, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Tokyo, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Bays
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