Bioconcentration of perfluorinated alkyl acids: How important is specific binding?
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are important global pollutants with unique pharmacokinetics. Evidence is accumulating that their behavior within organisms is affected by interaction with a number of proteins. In mammals, serum albumin, fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and organic anion transporters (OATs) have been identified as important to the tissue distribution, species-specific accumulation, and species- and gender-specific elimination rates of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluoroalkane sulfonates. Similar pharmacokinetics has been identified in fish. Yet, no mechanistic model exists for the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in fish that explicitly considers protein interactions. In this work, we present the first mechanistic protein-binding bioconcentration model for PFAAs in fish. Our model considers PFAA uptake via passive diffusion at the gills, association with serum albumin in the circulatory and extracellular spaces, association with FABP in the liver, and renal elimination and reabsorption facilitated by OAT proteins. The model is evaluated using measured bioconcentration and tissue distribution data collected in two previous studies of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparing our model with previous attempts to describe PFAA bioconcentration using a nonspecific (partitioning-type) approach shows that inclusion of protein interactions is key to accurately predicting tissue-specific PFAA distribution and bioconcentration.
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PFASs exhibit strong proteinophilicity, binding to proteins especially in the bloodstream, enhancing their stability and solubility, and leading to their accumulation in various organs, including the heart and kidneys.
“These compounds exhibit strong proteinophilicity, meaning they tend to bind to proteins, especially in the bloodstream, enhancing their stability and solubility, and leading to their accumulation in various organs, including the heart and kidneys [83].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
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“These compounds exhibit strong proteinophilicity, meaning they tend to bind to proteins, especially in the bloodstream, enhancing their stability and solubility, and leading to their accumulation in various organs, including the heart and kidneys [83].”
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- Authors
- Ng, C. A., & Hungerbühler, K.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Ng, Carla A.
- ORCID
- Ng, Carla A.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2013-06-18
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 7214-7223
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2326559975
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, bioconcentration, protein binding, serum albumin, fatty acid binding protein, organic anion transporters, tissue distribution, rainbow trout, Cyprinus carpio, renal excretion, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, fish
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Carps, Fluorocarbons, Kidney, Liver, Models, Biological, Muscles, Protein Binding, Serum Albumin, Tissue Distribution, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Extracellular Fluid, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
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