Defining the Stoichiometry and Cargo Load of Viral and Bacterial Nanoparticles by Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Open accessAbstract
Accurate mass analysis can provide useful information on the stoichiometry and composition of protein-based particles, such as virus-like assemblies. For applications in nanotechnology and medicine, such nanoparticles are loaded with foreign cargos, making accurate mass information essential to define the cargo load. Here, we describe modifications to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer that enable high mass analysis of several virus-like nanoparticles up to 4.5 MDa in mass. This allows the accurate determination of the composition of virus-like particles. The modified instrument is utilized to determine the cargo load of bacterial encapsulin nanoparticles that were engineered to encapsulate foreign cargo proteins. We find that encapsulin packages from 8 up to 12 cargo proteins, thereby quantifying cargo load but also showing the ensemble spread. In addition, we determined the previously unknown stoichiometry of the three different splice variants of the capsid protein in adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids, showing that symmetry is broken and assembly is heterogeneous and stochastic. These results demonstrate the potential of high-resolution mass analysis of protein-based nanoparticles, with widespread applications in chemical biology and nanotechnology.
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Mass spectrometry analysis of AAV1 showed that incorporation of VP1, VP2 and VP3 into the virus capsid was stochastic and likely related to the rate of expression of each VP.
“More recently, mass spectrometry analysis of AAV1 by an orbitrap mass spectrometer showed that the incorporation of VP1, VP2 and VP3 into the virus capsid was stochastic and likely related to the rate of expression of each VP [30].”
From Understanding Capsid Assembly and Genome Packaging for Adeno-Associated Viruses (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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Self-citationMass Determination of Entire Amyloid Fibrils by Using Mass Spectrometry
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Analysis of AAV-Extracted DNA by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reveals Genome Truncations
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“The AAV capsid is composed of 3 overlapping capsid viral proteins (VPs), VP1 (~87kDa, 735aa), VP2 (~73kDa, 598aa), and VP3 (~61kDa, 532aa), assembled in a predicted ratio of 1:1:10, respectively (Johnson et al., 1971; Snijder et al., 2014).”
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Single-Ion Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous and High Molecular Weight Samples
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Architecture of the Complex Formed by Large and Small Terminase Subunits from Bacteriophage P22
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Self-citationArtificial Intelligence‐Based Approaches for AAV Vector Engineering
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Orbitrap-Based Mass and Charge Analysis of Single Molecules
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Adeno-Associated Virus VP1u Exhibits Protease Activity
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“AAV comprises an icosahedral protein shell assembled from three capsid proteins (VP1, VP2 and VP3 at a ratio of 1:1:10) encasing a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome (Samulski, 1995; Snijder et al., 2014).”
Lot-to-Lot Variation in Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9 (AAV9) Preparations
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- Authors
- Snijder, J., van de Waterbeemd, M., Damoc, E., Denisov, E., Grinfeld, D., Bennett, A., Agbandje-McKenna, M., Makarov, A., & Heck, A. J. R.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Utrecht University , , Padualaan 8 , ,
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Germany) (DE)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Florida , , , ,
- Corresponding author
- Heck, Albert J. R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 7295-7299
- ISSN
- 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5126
- PMC
- PMC4046769
- OpenAlex
- W2006244553
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Chemical Society (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 GM109524)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- virus-like nanoparticles, cargo load, stoichiometry, protein nanoparticles, protein encapsulation
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Bacteria, Bacterial Proteins, Capsid, Mass Spectrometry, Nanoparticles
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