A Note on the Statistical Power in Extended Twin Designs
Open accessAbstract
The power to detect sources of genetic and environmental variance varies with sample size, study design, effect size and the statistical significance level chosen. We explored whether the power of the classical twin study may be increased by adding non-twin siblings to the classical twin design. Sample sizes to detect genetic and shared environmental variation were compared for kinships with only twins, kinships consisting of twins and one additional sibling, and kinships with twins and two additional siblings. The effect of adding siblings to the classical twin design was considered for univariate and bivariate analyses. For the univariate case, adding one non-twin sibling resulted in a decrease in sample size needed to detect additive genetic influences in the presence of environmental influences. However, adding two additional siblings did not decrease the number of subjects as compared to the classical twin design. The sample size required to detect common environmental factors was also greatly decreased by adding one non-twin sibling. Adding two non-twin siblings resulted in a small additional decrease. In models including additive genetic, dominant genetic, and unique environmental effects, adding one sibling to a twin family decreased the required sample size to detect dominant genetic influences. Adding two siblings to a twin family resulted in only a slight additional decrease in sample size. In the bivariate case a similar pattern of results was found, in addition to the observation that the overall required sample size, as expected, was lower than in the univariate case. The decrease in sample size from bivariate testing was more pronounced in a design with one or two additional siblings, as compared to a design with twins only. It is concluded that a well considered choice of family design, i.e. including families with twins and one or two additional siblings increases the statistical power to detect sources of variance due to additive and non-additive genetic influences, and common environment.
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The absence of significant findings for non-additive genetic or shared environmental effects does not indicate absence of these effects, because it could reflect a lack of power to detect these variance components.
“The absence of significant findings for non-additive genetic or shared environmental effect by no means indicates the absence of these effect, since it could also reflect a lack of power to detect these variance components (Posthuma and Boomsma 2000).”
From Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies (2015) · cites this paper as Posthuma and Boomsma 2000
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Posthuma, D., & Polderman, T. J. C. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32835f19c3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Heritability of HbA1c and Fasting Blood Glucose in Different Measurement Settings
Simonis-Bik, A. M. C., Eekhoff, E. M. W., Diamant, M., Boomsma, D. I., Heine, R. J., Dekker, J. M., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., van Leeuwen, M., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2008) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.11.6.597 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationFamilial Resemblance of Borderline Personality Disorder Features: Genetic or Cultural Transmission?
Distel, M. A., Rebollo‐Mesa, I., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Derom, C. A., Trull, T. J., Martin, N. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005334 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic analyses of the stability of executive functioning during childhood
Polderman, T. J. C., Posthuma, D., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Stins, J. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.05.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping genetic influences on human brain structure
Thompson, P. M., Cannon, T. D., & Toga, A. W. (2002) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/078538902321117733 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Environmental Factors Determine Where the Dutch Live: Results From the Netherlands Twin Register
Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Danielle Posthuma, B., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/1832427054936655 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationBratko, D., Butković, A., Hlupić, T. V., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & von Stumm, S. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The quantitative genetics of disgust sensitivity.
Sherlock, J. M., Zietsch, B. P., Tybur, J. M., & Jern, P. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000101 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Teeuw, J., Brouwer, R. M., Guimaraes, J., Brandner, P., Koenis, M. M. G., Swagerman, S. C., Verwoert, M., Boomsma, D. I., & Pol, H. E. H. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116073 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationHeritability of DTI and MTR in nine-year-old children
Brouwer, R. M., Mandl, R. C. W., Peper, J. S., van Baal, G. C. M., Kahn, R. S., Boomsma, D. I., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.017 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural brain magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric twins
Giedd, J. N., Schmitt, J. E., & Neale, M. C. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20403 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Grootheest, D. S. V., Cath, D. C., Beekman, A. T. F., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000980 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationCouvy‐Duchesne, B., Strike, L. T., de Zubicaray, G. I., McMahon, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Hickie, I. B., Martin, N. G., & Wright, M. J. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0153-17.2017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Genetic Analysis of Sensation Seeking with an Extended Twin Design
Stoel, R. D., de Geus, E. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-9028-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating Social Science and Genetics: News from the Political Front
Hatemi, P., Dawes, C. T., Frost-Keller, A., Settle, J. E., & Verhulst, B. (2011) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2011.568276 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Silventoinen, K., Posthuma, D., van Beijsterveldt, T. V., Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D. (2006) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00208.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationAndreola, C., Mascheretti, S., Belotti, R., Ogliari, A. L., Marino, C., Battaglia, M., & Scaini, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Speed of Development of Adolescent Brain Age Depends on Sex and Is Genetically Determined
Brouwer, R. M., Schutte, J., Janssen, R. J., Boomsma, D. I., Pol, H. E. H., & Schnack, H. G. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa296 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMcEwen, F., Happé, F., Bolton, P., Rijsdijk, F., Ronald, A., Dworzynski, K., & Plomin, R. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01010.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Heritability of Verbal and Performance Intelligence in a Pediatric Longitudinal Sample
van Soelen, I. V., Brouwer, R., van Leeuwen, M., Kahn, R., Pol, H. H., & Boomsma, D. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.2.119 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationde Geus, E. J. C., Danielle Posthuma, B., IJzerman, R. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.4.5.385 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-Related Differences and Heritability of the Perisylvian Language Networks
Budisavljević, S., Dell’Acqua, F., Rijsdijk, F. V., Kane, F., Picchioni, M., McGuire, P. K., Toulopoulou, T., Georgiades, A., Kalidindi, S., Kravariti, E., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1255-14.2015 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Perceptual speed does not cause intelligence, and intelligence does not cause perceptual speed
Michelle Luciano, A., Danielle Posthuma, B., Wright, M. J., de Geus, E. J. C., Smith, G. A., Geffen, G. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Martin, N. G. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationAttentional switching forms a genetic link between attention problems and autistic traits in adults
Polderman, T. J. C., Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Sullivan, P. F., van der Sluis, S., & Posthuma, D. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002863 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., van Baal, G. C. M., Molenaar, P. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1013389226795 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHuppertz, C., Bartels, M., de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Hudziak, J. J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2016) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-016-9799-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHeritability of obsessive‐compulsive symptom dimensions
Grootheest, D. S. V., Boomsma, D. I., Hettema, J. M., & Kendler, K. S. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30622 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic transmission of reading ability
Swagerman, S., van Bergen, E., Dolan, C., de Geus, E. D., Koenis, M., Pol, H. H., & Boomsma, D. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2015.07.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Posthuma, D., & Boomsma, D. I.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- Venue
- Behavior Genetics
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-158
- ISSN
- 0001-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3297
- OpenAlex
- W2149470824
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavior Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- statistical power, sample size, additive genetic effects, common environmental effects, unique environmental effects, dominant genetic effects, bivariate analysis
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Humans, Mathematical Computing, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Social Environment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation, Twin Studies as Topic, Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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