The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors

Marsh, Abigail A.; Ambady, Nalini; Kleck, Robert E.

doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.119

Cited by 588Face Recognition and PerceptionEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorEmotions and Moral Behavior

The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors

Marsh, Abigail A., Ambady, Nalini, Kleck, Robert E.·2005·Emotion

DOI 10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.119

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Abstract

The facial expressions of fear and anger are universal social signals in humans. Both expressions have been frequently presumed to signify threat to perceivers and therefore are often used in studies investigating responses to threatening stimuli. Here the authors show that the anger expression facilitates avoidance-related behavior in participants, which supports the notion of this expression being a threatening stimulus. The fear expression, on the other hand, facilitates approach behaviors in perceivers. This contradicts the notion of the fear expression as predominantly threatening or aversive and suggests it may represent an affiliative stimulus. Although the fear expression may signal that a threat is present in the environment, the effect of the expression on conspecifics may be in part to elicit approach.

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Arm flexion (approach) is elicited by happy faces and faster arm extension (avoidance) is elicited by angry faces.
“Arm flexion (approach) is elicited by happy faces and faster arm extension (avoidance) is elicited by angry faces [31], [32]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
The simple perception of affective stimuli has been sufficient to induce motivational tendencies in a large number of published studies.
“although it should be noted that the simple perception of affective stimuli has been sufficient to induce motivational tendencies in a large number of published studies [27], [31], [32].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
Anger and fear can elicit both approach (fight) and avoidance (flee) tendencies.
“While anger and fear can elicit both approach (fight) and avoidance (flee) tendencies [31]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [31]

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Nonverbal communication
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Engineers awarded to Nalini Ambady, and a Rockefeller Reiss Family
Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., Kleck, R. E., Marsh, A. A., & Department Of Psychology (2013)
Self-citation
Approach–Avoidance Responses to Affective Facial Expressions and Bodily Posture1,2
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Why do fearful facial expressions elicit behavioral approach? Evidence from a combined approach-avoidance implicit association test.
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Self-citation

Authors: Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Marsh, Abigail A.
Venue: Emotion
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2005
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-124
ISSN: 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
1931-1516
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.119
OpenAlex: W2151849583
Cited by: 588
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 6.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Emotion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: facial expressions, fear expression, anger expression, approach behavior, avoidance behavior, threat perception, social signals
MeSH terms: Adult, Anger, Avoidance Learning, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sex Factors, Social Perception

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The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors

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