Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulation
Abstract
Emotional mimicry is the imitation of the emotional expressions of others. According to the classic view on emotional mimicry (the Matched Motor Hypothesis), people mimic the specific facial movements that comprise a discrete emotional expression. However, little evidence exists for the mimicry of discrete emotions; rather, the extant evidence supports only valence-based mimicry. We propose an alternative Emotion Mimicry in Context view according to which emotional mimicry is not based on mere perception but rather on the interpretation of signals as emotional intentions in a specific context. We present evidence for the idea that people mimic contextualized emotions rather than simply expressive muscle movements. Our model postulates that (implicit or explicit) contextual information is needed for emotional mimicry to take place. It takes into account the relationship between observer and expresser, and suggests that emotional mimicry depends on this relationship and functions as a social regulator.
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Emotional contagion is influenced by social context, such as the relationship between observer and expresser.
“However, this is not the case, as emotional contagion is influenced by social context, for example, by the relationship between observer and expresser (Hess and Fischer, 2013).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Hess and Fischer, 2013
Evidence for the sequence of processes in primitive emotional contagion is mixed at best.
“evidence for this sequence of processes is mixed at best”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Hess & Fischer 2013
Emotional expressions are often caught by close others in face-to-face interaction.
“Furthermore, emotional expressions are often”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
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Self-citationFacial expression arousal level modulates facial mimicry
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Flagged first, then by citations
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The Social Effects of Emotions
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“However, this is not the case, as emotional contagion is influenced by social context, for example, by the relationship between observer and expresser (Hess and Fischer, 2013).”
Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions
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Mimicry and automatic imitation are not correlated
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Interoception and Social Connection
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Rapid Stress System Drives Chemical Transfer of Fear from Sender to Receiver
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Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members
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“We assessed activity of the zygo-maticus major and the orbicularis oculi to measure positive facial reactions, and of the corrugator supercilii to measure negative facial reactions (Dimberg, 1990; Hess & Fischer, 2013).”
MethodSelf-citation
- Authors
- Hess, U., & Fischer, A.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-01-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 142-157
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2134181527
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 56.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- emotional mimicry, social regulation, facial expressions
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Nonverbal Communication, Social Control, Informal, Social Environment, Social Identification, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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