Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school.
Abstract
This study assessed three dimensions of parent style, autonomy support, involvement, and provision of structure in 64 mothers and 50 fathers of elementary-school children in Grades 3-6, using a structured interview. Construct validity data for the interview ratings suggested that the three parent dimensions were reliable, relatively independent, and correlated with other parent measures in hypothesized ways. Aspects of children's self-regulation and competence were measured through children's self-reports, teacher ratings, and objective indices. Parental autonomy support was positively related to children's self-reports of autonomous self-regulation, teacher-rated competence and adjustment, and school grades and achievement. Maternal involvement was related to achievement, teacher-rated competence, and some aspects of behavioral adjustment, but no significant relations were obtained for father involvement. The structure dimension was primarily related to children's control understanding. Results are discussed in terms of the motivational impact of the parent on school competence and adjustment and in terms of transactional models of influence.
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Controlling aspects of the social environment can be effective in producing behaviors but are quite ineffective in promoting self-regulation.
“Although aspects of the social environment that tend to be controlling can be effective in producing behaviors, they are quite ineffective in promoting self-regulation.”
From A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. (1999) · cites this paper as Grolnick & Ryan, 1989
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- Authors
- Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 143-154
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W2026867528
- Cited by
- 1,777
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 41.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Clark Digital Commons (Clark University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Rochester
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- parenting styles, parental autonomy support, parental involvement, parental structure, children's self-regulation, autonomous motivation, academic performance, academic competence, behavioral adjustment, elementary school students, parents, school-family relations
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