The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
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Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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Lawanto, O., & Santoso, H. B. (2013) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2013.6685018 · Cited by 3
“He also identifies three different types of metacognitive knowledge: person (the knowledge a person has about him or herself and others as cognitive processors); task (the knowledge a person has about the information and resources they need to undertake a task); and strategy (knowledge regarding the strategies which a…”
BackgroundDesign techniques for revealing adolescent memory processes related to information seeking
Bowler, L., & Mattern, E. (2012) · iConference · doi:10.1145/2132176.2132177 · Cited by 3
“INTRODUCTION Metacognition is commonly defined as thinking about one s own thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSaid, N. S., Rahman, S., & Yassin, S. F. M. (2009) · Cited by 3
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Maib, J. R., Hall, R. H., Collier, H. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 3
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Mishra, R. C. (2014) · Psychology and Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/0971333613516224 · Cited by 3
“Meta-cognition is a process of ‘knowing about knowing’ (Flavell, 1979, 1987).”
BackgroundMecanismos para Suporte à Auto-Regulação da Aprendizagem do Estudante
Lima, A. F. O., & Pimentel, E. P. (2013) · Anais do ... Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação/Anais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/cbie.sbie.2013.296 · Cited by 3
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Suchanova, J., & Šliogerienė, J. (2006) · Santalka · doi:10.3846/coactivity.2006.18 · Cited by 3
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“14 | P a g e Flavell himself admits that metacognitive knowledge may not be different from cognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEFFECTS OF SELF-ASSESSMENT ON STUDENT LEARNING IN HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY
Feldkamp, L. M. (2013) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) · Cited by 3
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van Velzen, J. H. (2012) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2012.736365 · Cited by 3
“Theory on learning to learn emphasises that students who possess metacognitive knowledge of their learning processes can direct their own learning (Brown 1987; Cotterall 2009; Flavell 1979; Wenden 1998; White 1999).”
BackgroundMetacognition in Relation to Cognitive and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
van Kleef, R. S., van Donkersgoed, R. J. M., & de Jong, S. (2015) · Journal of European Psychology Students · doi:10.5334/jeps.df · Cited by 5
“Metacognition as defined by Flavell (1979) contributes to the use of cognitive processes in everyday life (Wykes et al., 2012).”
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Beck, R. J., Skinner, W. F., & Schwabrow, L. A. (2011) · Cited by 3
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“Meanwhile in metacognitive, Flavell (1987) proposes a taxonomic categorization of the components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience.”
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Garbe, C., Holle, K., & Weinhold, S. (2009) · Cited by 3
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“The first two kinds of knowledge were proposed by Flavell (1979, 1985) and the third by Paris, Lipton and Wixon (1983).”
BackgroundSteeves, N. (2015) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 3
Alejandro, O., & Ratté, S. (2016) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-016-9471-3 · Cited by 3
“To identify meta-knowledge, three questions have to be answered (Flavell 1979; Yang et al. 2009): why, what and how.”
BackgroundMethodMODEL PEMBELAJARAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN BERBASIS STRATEGI BELAJAR METAKOGNISI
Riyadi, I., Hersulastuti, H., & Nugrahaningsih, T. K. (2015) · PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL & INTERNASIONAL · Cited by 3
Çetin, B. (2015) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2014.1903 · Cited by 4
“Metacognitive knowledge forms the basis of the belief system on which style of interactions, actions, and factors Çetin 11 would affect the results of cognitive effort, such as studying (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialGifted and Talented High School Students’ Self-Regulated Motivation and Learning Strategies
Lee, A., & Gao, H.-Y. (2014) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) · Cited by 3
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Falardeau, M., & Loranger, M. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.2307/1494934 · Cited by 3
“Flavell (1979) définit les connaissances métacognitives ainsi: “Metacognitive knowledge consists primarily of knowledge or beliefs about what factors or variables act and interact in what ways to affect the course and outcome of cognitive enterprises” (p. 907).”
BackgroundPao, L. S. (2014) · doi:10.7916/d8hx19tv · Cited by 3
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Lizárraga, M. L. S. D. A., Ardaiz, Ó., & Baquedano, M. T. S. D. A. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61692-901-5.ch018 · Cited by 3
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Bernadowski, C. (2016) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2016.1202654 · Cited by 3
“Metacogniton, which is at the heart of think-alouds, is generally referred to as “thinking about thinking,” and associated most frequently with Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundHughes, A. J. (2015) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 3
Molzhon, A. (2016) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/hrq1-w391 · Cited by 3
“In the field of child development, researchers have long been interested in the question of how children develop an understanding of the mind and form mental representations (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Klhlstrom & Cantor, 1984; Wellman & Johnson, 1979).”
BackgroundDias, C., & Santos, L. (2016) · Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa · doi:10.12802/relime.13.1923 · Cited by 3
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Tišma, D. М. J. (2016) · Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja · doi:10.2298/zipi1602301j · Cited by 3
“…‘metacognitive knowledge’ refers to the knowledge and control of personal cognitive and emotional states for the purpose of achieving a desired goal (Flavell, 1979), and ‘metacognitive strategies’ represent specific methods by which learners facilitate and understand what they learn, or think…”
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Siegel, L. N., & Valtierra, K. M. (2017) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2017.1289720 · Cited by 3
“Similar to the concept of metacognition, where one is able to “think about their thinking” (Flavell 1979), the “meta-discussion” was a term the researchers used to refer to facilitating group discussions on the process of discussing.”
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“GENII also has a set of metacognitive [7] models of creativity that evaluate the novelty, value, surprise, and aesthetic description of knowledge (like in [17]) at each layer of the hypergraph.”
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“Following the pioneering work of Flavell (1976, 1979) and Biggs (1985), research has characterized metalearning as a complex mixture of learners’ knowledge about learning, particularly their own learning, how they learn in different contexts, their AC CE PT ED M AN US CR IP T belief that…”
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“Flavell (1979), who is often credited with the coining of the term metacognition, contended that metacognition involves knowledge about cognitive phenomena and regulation of cognitive processes. That is, metacognitive knowledge is acquired knowledge that one has about his or her cognitive processes and he or she can u…”
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“Flavell (1979) expanded the concept to include the meta-cognitive knowledge and regulation of cognition.”
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“about and regulation of their own cognition [7, 8].”
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“Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as knowledge about cognition and control of cognition.”
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“…is defined as ‘awareness of one's own knowledge—what one does and does not know—and one's ability to understand, control, and manipulate one's cognitive processes’ [19] and includes three components: knowledge of one’s abilities, situational awareness, and behavioural regulation strategies [20].”
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“Flavell (1979) described metacognition as a control process that is selfdirected which contributes to and guides everyday decision-making.”
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“Conclusions and Discussions Generally, metacognitive refers to the knowledge and application of cognitive processes that call for individuals or pupils to use, monitor and control the learning strategies adopted (Flavell, 1979).”
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“While cognition is defined as an intelligent activity to handle a task, metacognition performs monitoring of cognitive activities [7].”
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“Metacognitive knowledge, in particular, consists mainly of “knowledge or beliefs about what factors or variables act and interact in what ways to affect the course and outcome of cognitive enterprises” (Flavell, 1979, p.907).”
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“Metacognitive knowledge includes knowledge of general strategies that might be used for different tasks, knowledge of the conditions under which these strategies might be applied, knowledge of the extent to which the strategies are effective and knowledge of self (Flavell 1979; Pintrich, 2002).”
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“Accordingly, Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as the ability to precisely estimate one’s personal cognitive processes.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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