The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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“Flavell (1979) first highlighted the critical role of metacognitive knowledge and experiences in learning.”
Teng, M. F. (2025) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000925000042 · Cited by 2
“The role of metacognition in language learning, including bilingual learning, stems from Flavell ’ s (1979) groundbreaking work.”
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“The concept of metacognition, first introduced by Flavell (1979), was described as an individual’s awareness of their personal learning process.”
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“Similarly, teachers with postgraduate qualifications demonstrate advanced metacognitive skills [21] that enable them to translate mindfulness into actionable sustainability practices.”
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“As a metacognitive variable, metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Tarricone, 2011) has been discussed and studied in the past.”
Chen, P., Huang, Y., Wu, T., & Lee, H. (2024) · International Conference on Modern Educational Technology (ICMET) · doi:10.1145/3729434.3729435 · Cited by 4
“This approach, consistent with Metacognitive theory [34], proved more effective than traditional guided reflection, which often relies on predefined questions that may not capture individual learners’ thought processes and challenges [35].”
Bilinguals' metacognition is affected by the language used as a medium of education
Ordin, M., & Polyanskaya, L. (2025) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70088 · Cited by 2
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“Metacognition refers to the cognition and control of one’s own cognitive activities, playing a critical role in the development of social learning, cognition, and education (Flavell 1979).”
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“According to Flavell (1979), students learn best when they are aware of their own thinking and learning processes.”
A hierarchical typology of multimodal scientific writing in early primary grades
Nichols, D. L., Neal, T. A., & Hand, B. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1603737 · Cited by 7
“Young children’s scientific text production is conceptualized as a cognitively demanding activity involving metacognitive planning (Flavell, 1979; Veenman et al., 2006), selective integration of information (Mayer, 2020; Brod, 2021), and the strategic use of mode affordances to externalize and…”
Agile learning to boost Java skills in novice learners
Hu, C. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102221 · Cited by 2
Fraiwan, M., Almomani, F., & Hammouri, H. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2025.100514 · Cited by 5
Wicaksono, A. G. C., Seban, P., Brziak, M., & Urban, K. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101999 · Cited by 3
Ma’ruf, H., & Juhaidi, A. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2555038 · Cited by 11
“Metacognition, defined as ‘ thinking about one ’ s own thinking ’ . includes the regulation of learning through planning, monitoring, and evaluation (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Dennison, 1994).”
Mashhadi, R., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2025.2553663 · Cited by 2
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Correlation Between Executive Functions, Metacognition, and Emotional Regulation in Typical Adults
Reis, R. M. A., Aragão, E. W., Bessa, J. R., & Abreu, N. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00494-4 · Cited by 2
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Hsieh, S., & Hwang, G. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70136 · Cited by 2
Pupil Dilation as an Indicator of Debugging Strategy in a Location-Based AR Learning Environment
Mostowfi, S., Kim, J. H., Mohanty, S., Wang, F., Oprean, D., Wang, Y., & Seo, K. (2025) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813251358807 · Cited by 2
“Metacognitive knowledge involves awareness of one’s cognitive abilities, the complexity of tasks, and appropriate learning strategies, such as chunking information to aid memory (Flavell, 1979).”
A systematic review investigating the link between social cognition and self-awareness in adults
Despres, M., Bertrand, E., Dijoux, C., Piolino, P., & Narme, P. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103945 · Cited by 3
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“MEI is a multidimensional construct, grounded in both the ability-EI model (Mayer et al. 2016) and metacognition theory (Flavell 1979).”
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Ren, S., Greene, J. A., Bernacki, M. L., & Ding, L. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102843 · Cited by 3
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Metacognition and Social Presence in Connectivist Learning: An Analysis of Bilibili Interactions
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Knowledge, attitude and perception toward probiotics among university students
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The Impact of Foreign Language on Meta-Reasoning in Moral Decisions
Hu, Z., Мартин-Луенго, Б., & Navarrete, E. (2026) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.472 · Cited by 2
“For this reason, enhanced metacognitive abilities such as monitoring and control are often linked to academic and professional success (Flavell, 1979; Vrugt & Oort, 2008).”
Kang, S., Lim, J.-H., Stenzel, L., Kim, K. Y., Kim, E., Jeon, H. J., Park, D., Lim, H. K., Shim, Y., Jang, J., et al. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/73464 · Cited by 4
“Metamemory refers to one’s awareness of one’s own memory, including the contents and processes of their memory system [6,9].”
Maximino-Pinheiro, M., Rémeau, M., Stanc, L. L., Barone, C., & Borst, G. (2026) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09452-y · Cited by 2
Li, S., Noordin, N. B., & Yang, T. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261415778 · Cited by 4
“Meta-cognitive experiences, which refer to a writer’s reflective and affective awareness during task execution, are especially relevant to how writers plan, monitor, and evaluate their output (Flavell, 1979; Teng & Ma, 2024).”
Xue, Y., & Khalid, F. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1726956 · Cited by 6
“…strategies and enact self-control and self-observation, where metacognitive monitoring provides real-time information about comprehension and progress and supports regulatory adjustments (e.g., time management, help seeking, and strategy refinement) (Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2002; Panadero, 2017).”
InfluentialRizvi, S. W. F., Yankouskaya, A., Alshakhsi, S. A. A., Al‐Thani, D., & Ali, R. (2025) · International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM) · doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391082 · Cited by 2
“Metacognition refers to the learner’s awareness of and regulation of their own cognitive processes, it means to “think about thinking” [40].”
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“Such “metacognitive awareness” (Flavell 1979 , Schraw and Dennison 1994 , Kruger and Dunning 1999 ) is especially important in biology, given that the discipline has changed enormously in the last forty years.”
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Musholt, K., Ronfard, S., Rottman, J., Porter, T., Baehr, J., Cimpian, A., Danovitch, J. H., Davis, D., Harris, P. L., Keil, F. C., et al. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08608-y · Cited by 3
“…have fragile understandings of how people can interpret equivocal evidence in different ways (Carpendale & Chandler, 1996 ; Lalonde & Chandler, 2002 ), and they possess underdeveloped metacognitive abilities, including the ability to reflect on their own knowledge and thoughts (Flavell, 1979 ).”
Dai, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787647 · Cited by 8
“Metacognitive experience is defined as the conscious cognitive or affective awareness that learners have when they engage with and process information during a cognitive task, such as completing an assignment (Flavell, 1979).”
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“In short, these metacognitive strate - gies are found to enhance learners’ language learning outcomes (Flavell 1979; Wang et al. 2025 ) and aid them in becoming effective writers (Alfaifi 2022; L. S. Teng and Zhang 2020).”
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“MC indicates the knowledge and awareness of one’s own cognitive processes as well as the self-reflective ability to regulate these processes to achieve a specific goal (Flavell, 1979).”
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“El modelo original de metacognición está inte-grado por cuatro componentes: el Conocimiento Metacognitivo (CM), las Experiencias Metacognitivas (EM), las Metas y las Estrategias ( Flavell, 1979).”
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“Dicho constructo fue definido por Flavell (1979) como el “conocimiento sobre la cognición” (p. 908).”
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“Este tipo de metacognición (Schraw & Dennison, 1994; Gutierrez de Blume & Monto-ya Londoño, 2020) se inscribe en la línea iniciada por Flavell (1979) , quien la definió como el cono - cimiento y la regulación de los propios procesos cognitivos y comprende dos dimensiones princi-pales: el…”
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“Metacognition is frequently defined as “cognition about cognition,” referring to an individual’s capacity to perceive, comprehend, and regulate their own cognitive activities (Flavell, 1979).”
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“These findings suggest that user strategies during prompt formulation are not unitary behaviors but consist of distinct yet processes that reflect key components of metacognition and self-regulated learning (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Dennison, 1994; Zimmerman, 2002, 2013).”
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“Metacognition refers to monitoring and regulating one’s own thinking (Flavell, 1979; Veenman et al., 2006).”
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“…set of cognitive as well as non-cognitive constructs, such as working memory (Baddeley, 1992 ), learning strategies (Mayer, 2002 ), metacognition (Flavell, 1979 ), motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000 ), self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997 ), and emotions (Pekrun et al., 2011 ) that are used to explain how…”
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“…Fundación Infancia y Aprendizaje, ISSN: 0210-3702 Infancia y Aprendizaje, 2012, 35 (1), 49-60 INTRODUCCIÓN Por metacognición se entiende el conocimiento de los propios procesos mentales y sus productos, así como el control y la regulación de esos procesos (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Martí, 1995).”
BackgroundTraditional vs. Cognitive Learning
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“Additionally, math software should promote metacognition, defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 1).”
BackgroundHoudé, O. (2000) · Presses Universitaires de France eBooks · doi:10.3917/puf.houde.2000.01.0125 · Cited by 2
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“Later, Flavell (1979) proposed a model for metacognition based upon two areas: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences.”
BackgroundA Study on the Relationships between Writing, Writing Metacognition, and the Home Environment
Lee, M., & Leesungeun (2012) · 교과교육학연구 · doi:10.24231/rici.2012.16.4.961 · Cited by 2
Sandoval‐Díaz, J., & Perez-Zapata, D. I. (2017) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.caeu · Cited by 2
Buder, J., & Hesse, F. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64274-1_1 · Cited by 3
Nesset, V., & McVee, M. B. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2048-045820180000009012 · Cited by 3
Animal cognition: An aristotelean-thomistic perspective
Stedman, J. M., Kostelecky, M., Spalding, T. L., & Gagné, C. L. (2017) · The Journal of mind and behavior · Cited by 2
Setyawati, J. I., & Indrasari, S. Y. (2018) · doi:10.2991/uipsur-17.2018.29 · Cited by 2
“Metacognition is defined as a process of thinking about cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundВозрастная динамика структурной организации метакогнитивной сферы личности
Karpov, A. A. (2018) · Российский психологический журнал · doi:10.21702/rpj.2018.2.5 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Culture on the Development and Organisation of Self-Regulated Learning Skills
Sappor, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research · doi:10.22158/jpbr.v4n2p1 · Cited by 3
“Flavell (1979) described three categories of the knowledge factors: 1) person variables 2) task variables, and 3) strategy variables.”
BackgroundAssessing conceptual knowledge in three online engineering courses
Pamplona, S., Seoane, I., & Bravo, J. (2018) · International Conference on Data Science, E-Learning and Information Systems (DATA) · doi:10.1145/3279996.3280005 · Cited by 2
“The students’ knowledge of their own cognition is called metacognitive knowledge [9] and plays an important role in learning [2].”
BackgroundDesafios da prática instrumental e autorregulação: um estudo com percussionistas
Veloso, F. D. D., & de Araújo, R. C. (2017) · Revista Vórtex · doi:10.33871/23179937.2017.5.2.2142 · Cited by 2
Evidência de Validade do Inventário da Consciência Metacognitiva (ICM Jr) para Uso no Brasil
Teotonio, G. D. S., de Sousa, G. M. C., Sampaio, L. R., Formiga, N. S., & Teotonio, G. R. O. (2019) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep51.2.14 · Cited by 2
Metacognitive Ability Effect on Leadership Development
Mango, E., Koshal, J. O., & Ouma, C. (2019) · IJBE (Integrated Journal of Business and Economics) · doi:10.33019/ijbe.v3i3.232 · Cited by 2
“According to Lien (2016), Flavell (1979), Hsu (2014), metacognition is thinking about thinking.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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