The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Ricchetti, G., Navarro-Egido, A., Rodríguez-Bailón, M., Salazar‐Frías, D., Narganes-Pineda, C., & Funes, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2024.2391363 · Cited by 4
“Several theoretical models of SA have been proposed, and a common aspect among them is its multicomponent nature (Crosson et al., 1989; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990; Toglia & Kirk, 2000).”
Investigating Metacognitive Behaviors with Online Learning Support Tools
Yamada, M., Geng, X., Goda, Y., & Teasley, S. D. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt61570.2024.00088 · Cited by 4
Jin, X., Li, X., Jun, L., et al. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06435-1 · Cited by 2
“Flavell (1979 ) first defined metacognition as “cognition about cog - nition,” which serves two fundamental functions: monitoring and control of cognitive processes.”
Duruaku, F., Nguyen, B., Newton, O. B., Fiore, S. M., & Jentsch, F. G. (2024) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813241275920 · Cited by 2
“As already described, it encompasses awareness, assessment, and regulation of one’s own thinking processes (Flavell, 1979; Victoria & Athanasios, 2023).”
Significance of repertory in homoeopathic curriculum
Munir, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Integrated Standardized Homoeopathy · doi:10.25259/jish_53_2024 · Cited by 2
Ma, Y., & Fujinami, T. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00258-8 · Cited by 2
“Metacog-nition refers to individuals’ awareness and understanding of their cognitive processes [6, 7].”
Monitoring Metacognitive Strategies Use During Interaction Collaborative Groups
Manzanares, M. C. S., Martin, C., González-Díez, I., et al. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111205 · Cited by 2
Schüler, J., & Bieleke, M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06899-1 · Cited by 2
“These, however, are complex and dynamic processes that require sophisticated metacognitive knowledge and regulation (Flavell, 1979).”
Bremers, E. K., McKay, O. K., & Stanton, J. D. (2024) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.24-05-0156 · Cited by 3
“While metacognition was initially conceptualized for the individual learner (Flavell, 1979), the theory of metacognition has been expanded to applications in social contexts such as group work (e.g., Jost et al. , 1998; Volet et al. , 2009; Kim et al. , 2013).”
Cognition about cognition: Do scales from different fields assess metacognition alike?
Bürgler, S., & Frey, R. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.113013 · Cited by 2
Richards‐Babb, M., Gordon, C., Mersing, D., Perrone, T., & Ratcliff, B. B. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00578 · Cited by 5
Product, not process: Metacognitive monitoring of visual performance during sustained attention
Kim, C., & Chong, S. C. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02635-9 · Cited by 2
“To maintain stable visual performance in response to the inherent instability of the visual system, accurate metacognitive monitoring of current visual performance may be crucial (Flavell, 1979; Fleming & Dolan, 2012; Schooler et al., 2011).”
The Relationships Between Multidimensional Schizotypy and Metacognitive Beliefs
Garg, A., Watt, B. D., Rihan, M., & Moustafa, A. A. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251314707 · Cited by 2
Metacognition, philosophy in prisons and the demands of rehabilitation
Góis, I., & Kane, E. (2025) · The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1111/hojo.12592 · Cited by 2
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Cheng, E. C. K. (2025) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210.2025.2451880 · Cited by 4
“The interactions among these elements govern the monitoring, regulating, and orchestrating of cognitive processes for effective learning (Flavell, 1976, 1979).”
How Meditation Promotes Well‐Being: Applying a Dual‐System Theory
Lehman, B. J., Fogel, C. A., & Wiederaenders, E. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70037 · Cited by 5
Kasek, R., Sepsi, E., & Lázár, I. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02590-7 · Cited by 2
“Just like in Flavell’s [32] subjects, self-awareness [33] is key to performance – from fast and accurate perception to being able to be simultaneously aware of a situation and its possible outcomes – and especially in communication, probabilistic prediction of intentions and successful manipulation…”
Huang, T., Chou, Y.-Y., Gao, Z.-Q., & Shu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-025-09972-3 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, it enables learners to recognize and correct errors, evaluating reasoning processes to identify and amend inac-curacies, thereby achieving more precise solutions (Flavell, 1979).”
Morton, T. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102112 · Cited by 2
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“This hypothesis draws upon the principles of metacognition and self-regulated learning (SRL) (Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2000).”
Al‐Rousan, A. H., Ayasrah, M. N., Khasawneh, M. A. S., & Khasawneh, Y. J. A. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09420-6 · Cited by 4
“Meta-cognitive awareness is related to the theories of Flavell (1979) and Schraw (1994) (Fla-vell, 1979; Schraw & Dennison, 1994).”
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Grinschgl, S., Hofer, G., & Neubauer, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104606 · Cited by 4
Drexler, C. L., & Zelazo, P. D. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050644 · Cited by 6
“In general, children can use cognitive skills or strategies with or without metacognitive awareness that they are doing so (Flavell, 1979), and a growing number of theoretical proposals address the role of metacognition in EF skills and their development (e.g., Chevalier et al., 2015; Lyons &…”
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“While substantial evidence supports the role of metacognitive beliefs in depressive symptomatology 11,12 , their relationship to cognitive functioning in depression has received limited investigation.”
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“Metacognition can be loosely de fi ned as thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
Adverse childhood experiences and adult trait anxiety: The mediating role of metacognition
Fekete, Z., Kovács-Horváth, D., Oláh, B., & Kovács-Tóth, B. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.07.027 · Cited by 2
Emmanouilidou, E., Μoraitou, D., Frantzi, N., Poptsi, E., Tsardoulias, E., Symeonidis, A. L., Παπαντωνίου, Γ., Sofologi, M., Masoura, E. V., Tsentidou, G., et al. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15172158 · Cited by 2
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“…abilities have been found to play a role in psychiatric symptoms (Rouault et al., 2018b), gambling behaviour (Rogier et al., 2021), political polarisation and confirmation bias (Rollwage et al., 2018), but most of all in learning (Zimmerman, 2001) where the notion originated (Flavell, 1979).”
How do we evaluate and learn from others’ memories?
Sadeh, T., Lieberman, L., & Dobbins, I. G. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.10.002 · Cited by 2
Abidin, Z., Aiyub, & Jarmita, N. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026221 · Cited by 2
Lee, I.-J., & Lin, C.-H. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2594146 · Cited by 2
“This pattern reflects metacognitive strategies that emphasize experiential alternation and reflective awareness for developing emotional understanding (Carpenter & Williams, 2023; Flavell, 1979).”
Wicaksono, B. A., Purwaningsih, E., Diantoro, M., & Sunaryono, S. (2025) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni · doi:10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v14i1.27584 · Cited by 4
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Pavlov, B., Li, J., Fang, J., Wang, Y., & Shi, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791269 · Cited by 1
“For instance, one study provides reminders for deviations from expected routines [155], while another predicts users’ upcoming actions in real time to anticipate intended behaviors [5, 185].”
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Chen, S., Hu, J., Wang, G., & Markopoulos, P. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790684 · Cited by 3
“Developmental research shows that children interpret feedback differently from adults due to differences in language comprehension, cognitive load tolerance, and metacognitive monitoring [48, 93].”
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Chanski, S. (2015) · Language arts journal of Michigan · doi:10.9707/2168-149x.2097 · Cited by 2
“Flavell (1979) defines metacognition as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena,” specifically the practice of “monitoring [one’s own].”
BackgroundMechanizmy tłumienia niepożądanych odczuć i myśli w ujęciu metapoznawczym
Cichoń, E., & Szczepanowski, R. (2015) · Rocznik Kognitywistyczny · doi:10.4467/20843895rk.14.006.4257 · Cited by 2
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Tabadkan, B. B. Z. R., & Poor, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9688-9 · Cited by 2
Zasiekina, L. (2018) · PSYCHOLINGUISTICS · doi:10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-1-134-148 · Cited by 2
“Флевела (Flavell, 1979).”
Assadi, M. (2018) · Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL) · doi:10.24200/mjll.vol7iss1pp8-17 · Cited by 2
“Flavell (1979) deconstructed the term metacognition into two components: 1-metacognition experience, and 2-metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundStudent’s Metacognitive Activities in Solving Mathematics Problems
Anggo, M., Suhar, M., & Kansil, Y. E. Y. (2019) · International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR) · doi:10.2991/icamr-18.2019.5 · Cited by 2
“Flavell views these two metacognition dimensions as an inseparable part of cognitive activities, and suggests that monitoring of wide variations of cognitive activities occurs in all actions and interactions between the four types of phenomena, namely: (1) metacognitive knowledge, (2) metacognitive experiences, (3) go…”
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“He also called it “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInvestigation of Actualization of Learning to Learn Competence in Chemistry Classes
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“Since Flavell’s first attempt to construe metacognition as ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906), various accounts of the term have been emerged, and the conceptualization of metacognition has been expanded to cover psychological phenomena instead of just cognitive phenomena…”
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“ISSN 2356-2684 (print), ISSN 2477-1503 (online) pikir tersebut (Flavell, 1979; Ozsoy & Ataman, 2009).”
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“The factors that influence a person's creativity is metacognition or thinking strategy [64], metacognitive skill [65], unique creative insights”
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“Flavell emphasized four categories of metacognitive monitoring: knowledge; experiences; tasks or goals; and strategies or activities in which metacognitive tasks were the result of metacognitive knowledge and experiences, which could be monitored with strategies or activities to ensure the goal or task had been met (F…”
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“, and ii) metacognitive regulation — self-management of one’s own thinking such as evaluation, planning, regulation [11, 18].”
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“Second aspect is a monitoring function including planning, monitoring and evaluation providing control of cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Brown, 1987; Lucengeli and Cornoldi, 1997; Schraw and Dennison, 1994; Schraw, 1998; Stenberg, 1998; Yzerbyt, Loris and Dardenne, 1998).”
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“…abandon cognitive tasks, goals and strategies in the light of their relationship with one another, and with the ability of the individual and their interests in that task (Flavell, 1979), and they control the capacity to organise behaviour over time (e.g. Fuster, 1989; Grattan and Eslinger, 1991).”
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“Metacognition include both, metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience or regulatory skills [11-13].”
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“Flavell (1979) characterized metacognitive knowledge as stored world knowledge that “has to do with people as cognitive creatures and with their diverse cognitive tasks, goals, actions, and experiences” (p. 906) and he conceptualized his gen- eral definition into three macro variables—person, task,…”
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“Flavell (1979) defined metaconition as individul’s discovering his abilities, controlling them and mobilizing the cognitive processes which he has them to learn in high level.”
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Modelling in evaluating a working life project in higher education
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Adolescent metacognitive knowledge during the information search process
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Uso de estrategias metacognitivas de estudiantes de inglés en curso pre-universitario
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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