Chapter 1: Problem-based learning: A 21st-century teaching and learning strategy
Open accessAbstract
The focus of this book is original research regarding the implementation of problem-based learning and pedagogies of play as active approaches to foster self-directed learning. With the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in mind, educational institutions need to rethink teaching and learning for the future. As such, active engagement can be encouraged, as evident in this book, where problem-based learning drives learning through real-world problems, while pedagogy of play focuses on innovative environments where the action of play and learning are integrated with the aim of developing SDL. The following are addressed in the chapters: an overview of problem-based learning and pedagogy of play, metaliteracy, playful problem-based learning tasks, computational thinking in game-based tasks and geometry, solving puzzles, applying LEGO®, using drama as the pedagogy of play and implementing educational robotics. The empirical research findings disseminated in this book aim to inspire academics in the research focus area of self-directed learning with active learning approaches in the school and tertiary classroom that hold affordances to enhance 21st-century skills. Active learning is an umbrella term for pedagogies that mainstream student engagement, such as problem-based learning, cooperative learning, gamification, role-play and drama. This scholarly book highlights various engaging pedagogies.
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Graduate readiness gaps are widely documented with students expressing anxiety around volatile hiring climates and cross-sector mobility demands.
“Strikingly though, graduate readiness gaps are widely documented with students expressing anxiety around volatile hiring climates and cross-sector mobility demands40,42.”
From Project based learning framework integrating industry collaboration to enhance student future readiness in higher education (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction passage on p. 14 discusses difficulties students may have with problem-based learning, not graduate readiness or employment. Searches for graduate employability, hiring uncertainty, student anxiety and cross-sector mobility found no passage making the attributed claim; the relevant hits were reference-list entries. Our copy is truncated, so a decisive passage may be missing. (LLM, conf=0.69)
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Naseer, F., Tariq, R., Alshahrani, H. M., Alruwais, N., & Al-Wesabi, F. N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10385-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
- Authors
- Research Unit Self-Directed Learning, F. O. E., Golightly, A., Sebatana, M. J., & School of Mathematics, S. A. T. E.
- Venue
- NWU Self-Directed Learning Series
- Publisher
- AOSIS (Pty) Ltd
- Published
- 2023-09-01
- ISSN
- 2707-1537 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386919187
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 581
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- NWU self-directed learning series (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- National Research Foundation
- National Science Council
- North-West University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Problem and Project Based Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Keywords
- problem-based learning, pedagogy of play, self-directed learning, active learning, Fourth Industrial Revolution, 21st century skills, metaliteracy, game-based learning, computational thinking, puzzles, LEGO, drama, educational robotics, student engagement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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