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The unbearable automaticity of being

Bargh, John A., Chartrand, Tanya L.·1999·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462

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Abstract

What was noted by E. J. hanger (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. hanger, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and

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“System 1 heuristics are triggered by normal situations (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Barriers to provision of respectful maternity care in Zambia: results from a qualitative study through the lens of behavioral science
Smith, J., Banay, R. F., Zimmerman, E., Caetano, V., Musheke, M., & Kamanga, A. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2579-x · Cited by 53
“Our findings suggest that providers may rely on automaticity [21] to direct their actions during delivery, thus any shift toward a new standard of care must be explicit.”
Background
Low dispositional mindfulness predicts self-medication of negative emotion with prescription opioids
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Thomas, E. A., Knoll, P., & Ferraro, J. (2015) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000090 · Cited by 52
“Moreover, the behavioral routines that subserve drug administration can become automated and deployed habitually in much the same was as other complex behavioral repertoires can be activated without intention by conditioned contextual cues (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
Background
The Modulation of Mimicry by Ethnic Group-Membership and Emotional Expressions
Rauchbauer, B., Majdandžić, J., Stieger, S., & Lamm, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161064 · Cited by 50
The Unconscious Relational Self
Andersen, S. M., Reznik, I., & Glassman, N. S. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307696.003.0017 · Cited by 52
Pursuing the evolutionary agenda in economics and management research
Winter, S. G. (2017) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bex009 · Cited by 52
How Can Psychology Contribute to the Free Will Debate?
Nichols, S. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189636.003.0002 · Cited by 52
“For introspection fails to detect the causal influence of many causal factors, including both conscious and unconscious mental states (e.g. Bargh & Chartrand 1999, Nisbett & Wilson 1977, Wegner 2002, Wilson 2002).”
Background
The Threat of Shrinking Agency and Free Will Disillusionism
Nadelhoffer, T. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381641.003.0016 · Cited by 52
“…could sound the death knell of free will and desert-based responsibility, I nevertheless think that the literature examined in the following pages collectively shifts the burden to those who maintain that our traditional conceptions of human agency are compatible with the picture of the mind…”
BackgroundInfluential
Activated at home but deactivated at work: How daily mobile work leads to next‐day psychological withdrawal behavior
Jo, Y., & Lee, D. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2563 · Cited by 68
Nudges used to promote physical activity and to reduce sedentary behaviour in the workplace: Results of a scoping review
Forberger, S., Wichmann, F., & Comito, C. N. N. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106922 · Cited by 52
Using the forced metaphor-elicitation technique (FMET) to meet animal companions within self
Woodside, A. G. (2007) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.029 · Cited by 53
Where are the Gender Differences? Male Priming Boosts Spatial Skills in Women
Ortner, T. M., & Sieverding, M. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9448-9 · Cited by 52
“traits, they can also be caused by subliminal presentation (Bargh and Chartrand 1996).”
Background
Anger and fear in decision-making: The case of film directors on set
Coget, J.-F., Haag, C., & Gibson, D. E. (2011) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2011.06.003 · Cited by 52
Persuasion in the Marketplace: How Theories of Persuasion Apply to Marketing and Advertising
Shrum, L. J. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452218410.n19 · Cited by 52
“As researchers attempt to answer the question of what consciousness is actually good for (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Baumeister, Mele, & Vohs, 2010), the more we learn about what types of consumer judgments are actually driven by nonconscious processes.”
Background
Contextual Priming and the Design of 3D Virtual Environments to Improve Group Ideation
Bhagwatwar, A., Massey, A. P., & Dennis, A. R. (2017) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2017.0721 · Cited by 52
When Moderation Fosters Persuasion: The Persuasive Power of Deviatory Reviews
Kupor, D. M., & Tormala, Z. L. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy021 · Cited by 52
To be or not to be your authentic self? Catering to others’ preferences hinders performance
Francesca Gino, B., Sezer, O., & Huang, L. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.01.003 · Cited by 52
Improving entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the attitude towards starting a business venture
Bachmann, A. K., Maran, T. K., Furtner, M. R., Brem, A., & Welte, M. (2020) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-020-00394-0 · Cited by 60
“Thus, priming is a promising method for activating unconscious notes in an individual’s self-concept, which further affects subsequent behavior (Bargh and Chartrand 1999; Bargh and Ferguson 2000; Dijksterhuis and Bargh 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Introducing Neuroethics
Levy, N. L. (2008) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-008-9007-7 · Cited by 56
“The overwhelming majority of human actions are caused by automatic mental processes [2].”
Background
Dynamic Well-Being: Connecting Indicators of what People Anticipate with Indicators of what they Experience
Dolan, P., & White, M. P. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-004-6298-x · Cited by 55
Mindfulness:A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50
“The appraisal process may be executed rapidly, in 50 milliseconds for certain, evolutionarily salient classes of stimuli, such as snakes (Öhman, Carlsson, Lundqvist, & Ingvar, 2007), and automatically without conscious deliberation (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
Background
Enhancing Healthy Behaviors Through Virtual Self: A Systematic Review of Health Interventions Using Avatars
Rheu, M. (., Jang, Y., & Peng, W. (2020) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2018.0134 · Cited by 49
“25 According to this explanation, perceiving an avatar activates a certain self-concept, and subsequently, it induces the user to behave following the activated self-concept.”
A neuropsychoanalytical approach to the hard problem of consciousness
Solms, M. (2014) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635214400032 · Cited by 49

Authors: Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
ORCID: Bargh, John A.
Chartrand, Tanya L.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 54
Issue: 7
Pages: 462-479
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462
OpenAlex: W2130142026
Cited by: 3,699
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 156 · 2015: 184 · 2014: 217 · 2013: 207 · 2012: 188
FWCI: 36.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: automaticity, unconscious processes, conscious control, environmental control, automatic processes, judgment, emotions, intentional control, information processing

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The unbearable automaticity of being

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