The unbearable automaticity of being

“…monitoring and because individuals have difficulty maintaining resource-demanding monitoring unless it is perceived to be important (cf., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), our participants elected to forgo monitoring and to continue devoting all attentional resources toward ongoing task demands.”

“Intuitive and emotive responses can also result from the automatization of rational reflection or of the application of consciously held moral goals (Fishbach et al. 2003; Bargh and Chartrand 1999).”

“Also, the use of automatically activated procedural knowledge frees capacity for other activities and therefore may be considered adaptive (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Morsella, 2008).”

“This is the strong version of unconscious intent, where actions are caused by unconscious mechanisms of mind (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), and social behavior follows directly from social perception (Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001).”

“…on automatic (or implicit) social cognition is predicated upon the argument that social judgments are rapidly constructed from past experience in a process that is automatic and without conscious deliberation (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, & Troetschel, 2001).”

“Such decision rules need not be conscious, and in fact much of our behavior is guided by highly automated decision rules (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Of the two, exposure is more closely linked with automatic empathy, given the evidence that the act of perceiving often automatically leads to doing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Habits exist when individuals engage in a behavior without conscious knowledge, awareness or intention (Verplanken, 2006) and are considered a form of automaticity (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“I have suggested that engagement of top-down control might thus be viewed as a last resort, in that it comes on line when the environment alone does not guide responding most of the time (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Since automatic processes dominate much of everyday life (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Ferguson, 2000), this is an important limitation.”

“The processing of some mental models is often viewed as automatic or implicit (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), and their non-conscious nature may contribute to how people construct and maintain models about themselves and others (Bargh & Tota, 1988; Epstein, 1998).”

“This research posits that behavior is guided by the activation of associated constructs in memory and can occur outside of conscious awareness (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“In a series of studies, Chartrand, Bargh, Dijksterhuis, and collaborators have shown that adults automatically conform to stereotypes with which they are verbally primed, as well as to the behavior of persons with whom they interact (Dijksterhuis 2000 ; Chartrand and Bargh 1999 ; Bargh and Chartrand 1999 ).”

“Repeated practice will lead the strategy to be automated [113] and consequently the metacognitive and metaemotional skills become automatic too, requiring minimal effort each time [98].”

“Bargh and Chartrand (1999) illustrate the process of intentional and unintentional routes to the automatization of a psychological process.”

“…affor-dances, limitations, and possible roles matter in shaping, enabling, and constraining behaviors, while others may stem from group norms and behaviors, as postulated by SIDE theorists (Spears & Lea, 1992; Spears, Postmes, Lea, & Wolbert, 2002) and automaticity theory (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“An automatic activation of social cues is argued in a like manner by Bargh and Chartrand (1999). They maintain that the evaluation of a situation becomes part of its perceptual representation and is immediately activated in the course of perceiving the situation.”

“Most of the activity that goes on in our brains does not require the scarce resource of conscious thought, and so approximately 98% of what the brain does is done outside of conscious awareness and guidance (Bargh and Chartrand 1999, Gazzaniga 2002).”

“In short, this interpretation suggests that automatic social behavior can occur directly by perceiving a person executing a certain action (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999) or by activation of a trait that is directly associated with that behavior (Bargh et al., 1996).”

“Just as priming studies show how subtle cues in the environment guide social behavior through the activation of internal representations (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), OT might act in a similar way, enhancing the perception and processing of positive social cues (e.g., Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996).”

“Introduction and decision-making (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Ferguson, Although it was initially thought that individuals were entirely conscious of the motivations driving their behaviours and choices, current research in psychology and economics suggests that people are not as rational as…”

“Research on automatic processing in social cognition is widespread (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999) and has been catalogued into unified theories (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Greenwald et al., 2002), spurred the creation of diverse methodologies aimed at uncovering nonconscious processes (Greenwald,…”

“Furthermore, we would refrain from a strict dichotomy of automatic and controlled, or conscious and unconscious, following the idea of a continuum of mental control (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Kruglanski et al., 2003).”

“Emerging research in evolutionary psychology suggests that activating motivational states related to mating (e.g., through priming; see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999) can elicit a cascade of perceptions, cognitions, and behaviors consistent with solving adaptive problems in this domain (see, e.g.,…”

“Through contextual priming of these personal goals, which provide standards that are either similar or opposite of the standard provided by the environmental cue, the effect of the environmental cue may be enhanced or inhibited respectively (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“System 2 is more recent, its core processes are slower, serial, and effortful, permitting conscious abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking (see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Evans, 2008; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; Wilson, Lindsay, & Schooler, 2000).”

“The “social intuitionist theory” (Haidt, 2001) links research on automaticity (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999) to recent findings in neuroscience and evolutionary psychology.”

“This can result in suitable behavior being generated, which, if it is repeated, may eventually become automatized (Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977; Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“The pursuit of communicative goals often occurs unconsciously (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Kellermann, 1992; O’Keefe, 1988) and in concert with a host of potentially conflicting and competing goals (Berger, 2005; Dillard, Segrin, & Harden, 1989).”

“Specifically, the unconscious processes that protect cognitive resources from depletion gained importance (Bargh and Chartrand 1999; Greenwald and Banaji 1995; Haidt and Bjorklund 2008).”

“It is possible that the interpretation and use of the experience might become automatic within the routines of daily life (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), but there is no need to restrict it by the automaticity assumption.”

“As Bargh and Chartrand (1999) explained, even complex goals generally do not require “an act of will” to organize and direct information processing and subsequent action.”

“These two types of ToM processes differ in the extent to which they are engaged intentionally (29, 30).”

“However, most research on behavioural responses in psychopathy were based on questionnaires or were directed at non-automatic controlled behaviour, whereas human behaviour is largely driven by implicit and automatic action tendencies as shown by work from Bargh and Chartrand (1999). The major aim of the present invest…”

“Moreover, recent dual-process models of cognition (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chen & Chaiken, 1999; Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006; Nosek, 2007) propose that implicit cognitive associations and processes are empirically and functionally dissociable from explicit attitudes or conscious…”

“This idea is inherited from research on subconscious nonlinguistic alignment such as alignment of foot rubbing or body posture (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001).”

“Given the prevalence of automaticity in daily life (Bargh and Chartrand 1999) the question arises whether such automatic behavior are actions or not.”

“Much of what we do—perhaps 95% of an adult’s activity or behavior—is routine or automatic [41, 42].”

“Merely priming a concept or idea can lead to the activation of that idea and related ideas and to subsequent changes in behaviour (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Maio, Pakizeh, Cheung, & Rees, 2009).”

“Although the majority of these stimuli never reach conscious awareness, they are still perceived—and they may still influence emotions, opinions, decisions, and behavior (e.g., Bargh and Chartrand, 1999) and even lead individuals to form, pursue, and accomplish goals (e.g., Bargh et al., 2001).”

“Each of these can affect parents' emotional and behavioral responses, which can act as cues to activate other schema ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ).”

“These results may reflect the influence of both automatic and effortful cognitive processes on these mothers’ responses ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chaiken & Trope, 1999).”

“…much research in social psychology has suggested that the folk psychological concepts people use to predict and explain each other’s behavior, such as beliefs, fears, attitudes, and motives, can operate outside of cognitive control and perhaps introspective awareness (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“This principle of awareness coming after the event does not just to apply to the very simple responses studied in these experiments, but also to the selection of complex actions (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Velmans, 1991).”

“There is compelling evidence to support the notion that ‘‘most of a person’s everyday life is determined not by their conscious intentions and deliberate choices but by mental processes that are put into motion by features of the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and guidance’’ (Bargh and Cha…”

“Elsewhere, we have argued that those affective meanings of concepts play a major role in behavioral priming, where subtle cues in the environment cause people to align their behaviors automatically and without conscious awareness (Schröder & Thagard, 2013; cf. Bargh, 2006; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“We know that not only can goals be set unconsciously (Bargh & Gollwitzer, 1994; Moskowitz, Gollwitzer, Wasel, & Schaal, 1999), but also that they can be monitored unconsciously (Bongers & Dijksterhuis, in press; Moskowitz, Li, & Kirk, 2004), In fact, goals can even run to completion without any conscious guidance (Bar…”

“We theorize that contexts shape work-life ideologies outside of conscious awareness, which is consistent with evidence that contextual primes operate through implicit processes (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; DeVoe et al., 2013).”

“Bargh and Chartrand, 1999 ) affected the choice of a skin.”