The unbearable automaticity of being

“Finally, a recently published training study is used to illustrate how the outcome of instrumental mindreading can be translated into interview tactics, and ultimately improve interviewers’ ability to detect deception.”

“Bargh and colleagues also seek to explain automatic perception ⟶ behavior links (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001).”

“In fact, considerable research supports the notion that many of our day-to-day decisions and actions are a function of automatic processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Bargh and Chartrand (1999) indicated in their review that our ability to exercise intentional control is in fact quite limited despite the fact that “much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information…”

“For habitual reappraisers, the repeated pursuit of the reappraisal goal should lead that goal to become automatically associated with those situational settings requiring emotion regulation (Bargh, 1990, 1997; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Wood & Neal, 2007).”

“This can be as active decisionmakers, but also includes instances in which individuals act to achieve goals of which they are not consciously aware (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Fitzsimons & Bargh, 2004; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).”

“Bargh and Chartrand (1999) suggest that opposing goals can be contextually primed, leading them to compete for processing resources.”

“Moreover, if one assumes that goals are represented as associative network structures in memory just as trait constructs are (Bargh, 1990; Shah & Kruglanski, 2000; Wegner & Vallacher, 1986), then goals should also possess the potential to become activated outside of awareness just as trait constructs can ( Bargh & Cha…”

“Researchers have shown that many human behaviors are guided by processes that operate outside of conscious awareness (see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009; Kahneman, 2012; Smith & DeCoster, 2000).”

“…items are presented during an early phase of an experiment, both children and adults later identify the complete items more accurately and quickly than nonprimed items—despite being unaware that they had previously examined the primed items (Bargh & Chartland, 1999; Hayes & Hennessy, 1996).”

“Mounting evidence points to the relevance of subconscious factors in broad social, decision-making situations [36–38] and in specifically political decision-making situations [39–48].”

“…that, with practice under comparable learning conditions, many patterns of behavior become automatized, that is, under the control of largely unconscious rules that do not readily respond to changes in contingencies of reinforcement and punishment (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Ferguson, 2000).”

“…found that the direct effects of beliefs are much stronger when individuals have high familiarity with the attitude object or behavior (Ajzen, 2001; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), presumably because individuals’ beliefs serve as rules of thumb that are directly applied without much need for interaction…”

“Moreover, given that, as noted above, implicit processing may involve appraisals and skills that have become automatic with repetition or practice (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), some instances of control over evolved modules may involve implicit processes that originated as explicit construals of…”

“Much of our mental life is supported by processes that are unconscious, spontaneous, and seemingly instantaneous—that is, automatic (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“The unconscious processing of environmental features and the effects thus put into motion are generally adaptive and useful ( Bargh & Chartland, 1999 ).”

“…unconscious priming effects with subliminal presentations: The subjects respond differently or with different reaction times to subsequent supraliminal test stimuli (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand 1999; Bornstein & Pittman 1992; Fisher 1956; Jacoby & Witherspoon 1982; Marcel 1983a; 1983b; Pötzl 1917).”

“However, procedural, automatic, and unconscious processes also affect behavior and mood (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Compas, Connor, Osowiecki, & Welch, 1997).”

“The assumption that habit systems generate motor habits as well as mental habits (such as heuristics) is well supported in the literature (Bargh & Chartrand 1999; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996; Gigerenzer, Hoffrage, & Goldstein 2008; Orbell & Verplanken, 2010).”

“According to the literature, however, the mentalist view is also discordant with the facts: goals and intentions are largely unconscious and emerge under the control of the context (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999).”

“Indeed, a great deal of everyday human cognition is entirely based on sophisticated perception, rapid learning and extensive memory, though we sometimes retrospectively glamorize our actions in more richly intentional terms [ 92 ].”

“The July 1999 issue of the American Psychologist, for example, was devoted to scientific evidence demonstrating that most human behavior is regulated by implicit nonvolitional processes that are not readily observable (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Kirsch & Lynn, 1999).”

“⚫ イントロ ➢ 社会的相互作用における共同行動 ✓ 社会的相互作用を成功させるためには共同行動が重要 ✓ 研究者は、共通の目標や目的を達成するために個人が行動を調整するプロセ スを探求(Sebanz, Bekkering, & Knoblich, 2006) ✓ また多くの研究で相互作用の間に存在する意図しない模倣に焦点を当ててい る(Bargh & Chartrand, 1999) →さらに行動ミラーリングは、社会的相互作用を促進する。 ➢ 行動ミラーリングと自動プロセス ✓ 行動ミラーリングの重要な点として協調行動の時間的側面がある →行動の同期は遅すぎず、早すぎず。 ✓…”

“In this view, Wilson et al.’s (2000) dual attitudes represent a special case brought about by conditions that favor widely different attitude formation mechanisms (e.g., socially anchored or self-protective vs. object-centered thought) and retrieval processes that forestall awareness of conflict.”

“Other research also reveals that sufficient motivation can moderate the effect of prejudice (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Blair & Banaji, 1996) and, to some extent, the ability to override initial cognitions seems to be a learned skill that can be strengthened with practice and experience (see…”

“…very good at understanding the intuitive processes 6 Although bottom-up reasoning tends to be conscious and top-down automatic, and hence there is a relation between these two distinctions (see Bargh and Chartrand, 1999), not all automatic processes involve the sorts of ‘‘reasoning’’ relevant here.”

“We argue that these links between emotion concepts and related behaviors can become automatic and nonconscious over time because of repeated coactivation (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chartrand & Bargh, 2002; Lang et al., 1998).”

“Dual-systems theories suggest that people process incoming information through two structurally different systems (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Evans, 2003; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Lieberman, 2007).”

“…increases self-control, as suggested by Baumeister and his colleagues (e.g., Baumeister & Exline, 2000; Geyer & Baumeister, 2005), then making religious concepts salient in people’s minds should temporarily activate their inclination toward exercising self-control (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“…during the earliest stage of learning it may be necessary for the learner to effortfully attend to all visual and somatosensory cues, and consciously regulate movement to perform the task (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Fitts & Posner, 1967; Kimble, 2000; Logan, 1988; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977).”

“The prime words were taken from Chartrand and Bargh (2001; see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ).”

“However, many researchers in cognitive science have come to the conclusion that most human decisions and actions are carried out automatically and without conscious control (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“This would ramify the position argued by Bargh & Chartrand (1999) , that much more of everyday human action than is currently recognized relies on fast, mechanistic, low-level processes, rather than on elaborate, rational thought processes and deeply intentional understanding.”

“(Bargh & Chartrand, 1999, p. 475) The fourth trend was research in neuroscience, made possible by advances in imaging technology in the 1980s and 1990s.”

“Automatic motivational processes are nonconscious, effortless, fast, and unintended, whereas controlled motivational processes are conscious, effortful, slow, and volitional (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“The problem with this conscious interaction is that not all self-regulatory processes require conscious awareness and attention to operate smoothly, and a substantial portion of day-to-day behavior has been thought to occur automatically or mindlessly [4].”

“Priming social identities can impact people's behavior and attitudes outside of their awareness and control (see Bargh and Chartrand 1999 for a review), as demonstrated by social psychologists in a large body of work on identity priming.”

“Bargh [7] identified four characteristics of automatic behaviours: 1) they take place without awareness, 2) they begin without intention, 3) they carry on once started without control, and 4) they function with little effort.”

“As cognitive entities, goals are assumed to be associatively linked to other cognitive entities, and in particular, to actions perceived as instrumental to their attainment, that is, to means assumed to lead to those particular goals (see also, Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000, 2003; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh, Gollwitz…”

“…to an affiliate (Smith and Ellsworth, 1985), and their significance is supported by evidence that “everything that one encounters is preconsciously screened and classified as either good or bad, within a fraction of a second after encountering it” (Bargh, 1997, p. 20; Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“Given the importance of priming effects [39] we also checked whether filling in the WPN scale in Study 1 triggered unethical behavior.”

“…al., 2007; Mikhail, 2000; Wheatley & Haidt, 2005), reflecting the inaccessibility of automatic processes to cognitive awareness along with a general psychological tendency for post hoc rationalization and confabulation (Bargh, 1999; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wegner, 2002).”

“…perspectives once defined stereotypes as inaccurate, casting them as rigid (Lippmann, 1922/1991), rationalizations of prejudice (La Piere, 1936), out of touch with reality (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), or exaggerations based on small “kernels of truth” (Allport, 1954/1979; Table 1).”

“We believe that new constructs from cognitive science can direct our examination of this question and can help point out the merits of each approach.”

“Specifically, priming can influence subsequent judgments through a nonconscious process when the priming task is seemingly unrelated to the main task (Bargh 1994; Bargh and Chartrand 1999; Bargh, Chen, and Burrows 1996; Strack et al. 1993).”