The unbearable automaticity of being

“The place of intuition in the reasoning process Bargh and Chartrand (15) state that the majority of our decisions and actions are the result of automated reasoning.”

“It has been estimated that much of what we do, perhaps 95% of an adult human's activity or behavior is routine and automatic, outside of voluntary conscious cognitive awareness [27–29].”

“…facial reactions are automatically controlled could be to apply the concepts from cognitive psychology that differentiate between automatic and consciously controlled processes (Posner & Snyder, 1975; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; for a recent review and discussion see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“…respond to situations in a cognitively effortless fashion, devoting attentional, and analytic resources to controlled, deliberative, processing of information, and decision-making only reluctantly, and only when it is clearly necessary to do so (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Baumeister & Sommer, 1997).”

“cessing, we follow Bargh and Chartrand (1999) in arguing”

“If this is true, much social cognition should be based on relatively automatic processes that require no prompting, and indeed, a great deal of social cognition is automatic (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“But systematic processing in social situations occurs infrequently (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“…Objects in the social environment anchor people’s opinions and influence their goal-directed behavior, even if people claim to be oblivious to them (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).3 Levels of Analysis One major goal of this study has been to emphasize that cultural differences can and should be…”

“Without self-control, an individual would engage in automatic, habitual, or innate behaviors (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Hayes, 1989; Shallice & Burgess, 1993).”

“Amel et al. suggests that because many everyday behaviors are carried out automatically (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), mindfulness creates a greater self-world connection that motivates pro-environmental behavior.”

“Moreover, the weight of opinion in psychology has shifted to a view that these unconscious evaluations are far more active, and hence far more important, than conscious cognitive processing (Bargh & Chartrand 1999).”

“This notion concurs with recent evidence obtained in the area on automatic goal-directed behaviour (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Custers & Aarts, 2005; Moskowitz, Li, & Kirk, 2004).”

“…that the decrease in both Suppression and Reappraisal can in part be explained by the proposal that regulatory activity begins via deliberate processes but later occurs outside of conscious awareness (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Cole et al., 2004; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007).”

“For instance, investigators have demonstrated how social stereotypes, cooperative intent, and goal activation impact mimicry (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; see Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001, and Chartrand & Jefferis, 2003, for reviews).”

“In fact much psychological research (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999; Chaiken and Trope, 1999; Cohen, 2014) demonstrates that even apparently rational thought processes are strongly influenced by emotional states.”

“Evidence suggests that most behavior is effortless and automatic and relies on System 1 processing, whereas System 2 overrides occur occasionally at best (Bargh, 1997; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Kahneman, 2003).”

“This working model is encoded in implicit memory, which is primarily regulatory, automatised, unconscious [129], and right lateralised [130].”

“These ingrained beliefs may be activated automatically outside of the person’s consciousness (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995), and thus, they might influence behavior more than explicit attitudes that are produced as a result of conscious, deliberate processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“It helps to avoid going on “automatic pilot”—and thus become more reflective and more flexible in our responses ~TABLE 2!.(52) Educators, practitioners, and researchers have attempted to describe and measure facets of mindfulness ~TABLE 3!, such as lowered reactivity, active observation, acting with awareness, naming,…”

“Indeed, much of human behaviour is determined not by conscious intentions, but by features of the environment that operate outside of conscious awareness (9).”

“The present study adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that many of our interactions with the world are highly driven by implicit processes (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Indeed, learning is a biological imperative for human beings; so much so that most of learning happens automatically and is not under the conscious control of the learner ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ; Norman, 1968 ; Reber, 1989 ).”

“…cognitive psychology hold that intuitive behaviors occur quickly, in parallel, and in the face of distraction; in contrast, controlled behaviors occur slowly, in serial, and are disrupted by distraction (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Lieberman, 2007; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1984).”

“As previously noted, there has been a proliferation of research dealing with automatic processes in recent years (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Sheeran, Aarts, et al., 2005).”

“Recent research on automatic goal activation has shown that goals can be activated, pursued, and fulfilled without people being consciously aware of the goal at all (Barghet al., 2001; Bargh and Chartrand, 1999; Chartrand and Bargh, 1996).”

“This automatic processing is mainly stimulus driven and reactive, which is effectively expressed in the metaphor of the perceiver on “autopilot,” who processes incoming information without actively adapting any aspects of the internal cognitive structures (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“However, affective processes include both conscious and subconscious processes (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Winkielman, Zajonc, & Schwarz, 1997), and the latter may have suppressed or am- plified our study results.”

“Such rapid and even automatic responses direct much of human cognition and behavior (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Jacoby, Lindsey, & Toth, 1992; Schacter, 1992).”

“Physical location is just one of the cues that mobile devices can identify in consumers' environments that likely influence their behaviors and attitudes (Bargh and Chartrand 1999).”

“For instance, research on automatic social behavior ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ) suggests that mere stereotype activation can produce stereotypeconsistent behaviors (Wheeler & Petty, 2001) and that the”

“…the recognition of the major role of automatic, involuntary, and unconscious processes in human decisions and behavior (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Chartrand & Bargh, 2002; Chartrand, Huber, Shiv, & Tanner, 2008; Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006;…”

“Today it is recognized that automatic or unconscious processes play a major role in almost all social psychological processes (Bargh, 1984; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Devine, 1989; Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001; Fazio, 1990; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Wegner & Bargh, 1998).”

“Over the past 10 years, research in social psychology has started to shift from models that focus solely on deliberative, intentional and explicit influences on behaviour, and has sought to develop theories that account for the non-conscious, impulsive and implicit influences on human behaviour (Bargh & Chartrand, 199…”

“The automaticity model proposes that the perception of associations and stereotypes increases the readiness of cognitive and behavioral responses with varying degrees of awareness, intention, efficiency, and personal control (Bargh, 1994, 1996; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“The idea that heuristics often operate automatically is also compatible with current research on “automaticity” (Bargh, 1997; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“…but that core neural systems rely upon integrated interoceptive-exteroceptive representations (cf. Ainley, Tajadura-Jiménez, Fotopoulou, & Tsakiris, 2012; Tsakiris, Tajadura-Jiménez, & Costantini, 2011) and these, in many cases, automatically drive efferent responses (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Priming of goal scripts and higher mental processes (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999) has been previously linked to the transfer of the preexperimentally learned pavlovian value of the prime (Solarz, 1960; Staats and Warren, 1974).”

“Bargh's (e.g., Bargh, 1997, 2006; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999) program of research has focused on showing that many behaviors once thought to be the exclusive province of conscious guidance can be produced by nonconscious, automatic processes, in some cases without any conscious realization of what is…”

“The dual-process model of cognition indicates that controlled and automatic processes operate independently but intersect at certain points to produce human performance ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ; Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004 ; Devine & Monteith, 1999 ; Schneider & Chein, 2003 ; Sun, Slusarz, & Terry, 2005 ).”

“Typically, it refers to the ability of subtle cues in the environment to affect an individual’s thoughts and behavior, often outside of her awareness or control (e.g., Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“…cognitive associations (e.g., the link between guilt and pleasure; Goldsmith, Cho, and Dhar 2012), a cognitive association between resource scarcity and a competitive orientation may become established over time due to repeated co-activation (Bargh and Chartrand 1999; Ramanathan and Menon 2006).”

“Recent research suggests that our goals and the pursuit of them, our motives, desires, wants, and actions are not always the result of conscious choices or deliberate thought (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999; Bargh andWilliams, 2006; Custers andAarts, 2010;Neal et al., 2006).”

“For example, although the self has privileged access to mental states (e.g., thoughts, feelings, intentions), recent research suggests that this may in fact impair the accuracy of self-perceptions, for example by leading people to construct false reasons for their behavior ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Williams,…”

“Although the importance of automatic processes has been repeatedly highlighted (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Williams, 2006; Doherty & Kurz, 1996; Hasher & Zacks, 1984; Hintzman, 1988; Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin &…”

“to think about them) ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Kahneman, 1973).”

“By contrast, changing long-held attitudes and beliefs is difficult and may require more time (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“While most video game enthusiasts insist that the games they play have no effect on them, their exposure to scenes of virtual violence may influence them automatically and unintentionally (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; see also Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Todorov & Bargh, 2002).”

“, by correlating frequencies of occurrences of a certain behavior (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999). In language science, the aggregative approach has been the most prominent, where alignment has been measured as the number of common linguistic structures (e.g., lexical, syntactic) used by two interlocutors engaged in a com…”

“The results of studies conducted by them suggest that control processes – traditionally regarded as conscious – often run unconsciously (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“In social psychology, primes, as originally intended by Bargh (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999, 2000; Bargh & Pietromonaco, 1982; Bargh, Raymond, Pryer, & Strack, 1995), are unobtrusive and induce nonconscious information processing creating limited or no demand characteristics.”

“Stereotype Performance Boosts: The Impact of Self-Relevance and the Manner of Stereotype Activation”

“Moreover, the behavioral routines involved in the ritual of drug administration can become automated and executed mindlessly in much the same was as other complex repertoires can be engaged without conscious volition by conditioned contextual cues (26).”

“…of conscious, deliberative thought in social interactions, it has become clear that many if not most social cognitive processes can happen at a relatively automatic level, including the formation of impressions of others and the pursuit of goals (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Chartrand & Bargh, 1996).”

“This may or may not be the intention of their peers, but an automatic response to stereotypes about social groups different from their own (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“Our motivated preparation account differs from the direct expression accounts that are most often invoked in explaining automatic behavior—including the most notable, the perception– behavior link (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh et al., 1996).”

“Research from other areas of psychology demonstrates that people often have limited knowledge of the motives and psychological states that influence their behavior (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Wilson & Dunn, 2004), but they are able to provide explanations if asked to do so.”

“If some process occurs even when there is no conscious awareness that the process has been invoked, this is strong evidence that the process is automatic (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999).”

“Various forms of self-representations—symbolic, iconic, and temperamental in nature—are activated by situational cues and “play out” automatically (below the threshold of awareness), for better or worse, in school (Corno, 2001; Dweck, 1999) and life more generally (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“It seems to be of particular importance to examine automatic responding to emotional stimuli because in general emotions are involuntarily elicited and emerge without conscious effort in everyday life (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999; Scherer, 1993).”

“Automatic processes lack conscious attention (i.e., are cognitively efficient), intentionality, awareness, and/or controllability (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”

“Researchers have established a direct perception-behavior link through which subtle cues in the environment automatically affect the perceiver (see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001; Dijksterhuis et al., 2007).”

“…of cultural practices (Hendricks et al. 2013; for a detailed discussion, see Moors and De Houwer 2006), but research on automaticity in psychology (Bargh and Chartrand 1999) suggests that the implicit learning of associations can happen largely through lowresource, attention-independent,…”