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The unbearable automaticity of being

Bargh, John A., Chartrand, Tanya L.·1999·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462

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Abstract

What was noted by E. J. hanger (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. hanger, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and

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“…involving rational calculation that is deliberative, effortful and conscious—collides with empirical research that shows that much of human decision making is not like this at all and that, indeed, much social behaviour is under ‘non-conscious control’ (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Bargh, 2005).”
Background
Depressive symptoms can be useful: Self-regulatory and emotional benefits of dysphoric mood in adolescence.
Wrosch, C., & Miller, G. E. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015172 · Cited by 143
“In a similar vein, goal-related behaviors may depend on differences in the importance of people’s goals or may be influenced by automatic cognitive processes and contextual factors (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Shah, 2005; Wrosch, Scheier, Carver, & Schulz, 2003).”
Background
Becoming who you are: An integrative review of self‐determination theory and personality systems interactions theory
Koole, S. L., Schlinkert, C., Maldei, T., & Baumann, N. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12380 · Cited by 192
“Likewise, modern social-cognitive theories of personality have emphasized automatic processes (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995) while downplaying free will (Wegner, 2003).”
Background
Motivating forces of human actions
Walter, H., Abler, B., Ciaramidaro, A., & Erk, S. (2005) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.016 · Cited by 149
Does the use of a theoretical approach tell us more about hand hygiene behaviour? The barriers and levers to hand hygiene
Dyson, J., Lawton, R., Jackson, C., & Cheater, F. (2011) · Journal of Infection Prevention · doi:10.1177/1757177410384300 · Cited by 142
“We also tend to neglect those factors that have an impact on our behaviour that we may not be consciously aware of, e.g. automatic responses to cues such as emotion ( Bargh and Chartrand, 1999 ).”
Background
The Fundamental Attribution Error in Detecting Deception: The Boy-Who-Cried-Wolf Effect
O’Sullivan, M. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203254610 · Cited by 149
“Recent research on nonconscious regulation of affect (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Pronin et al., 2002; Robinson & Clore, 2001) also may suggest experimentally viable ways of exploring the factors involved in poor lie detection.”
Background
On the Investigation of Primed and Chronic Autonomous and Heteronomous Motivational Orientations
Levesque, C. S., & Pelletier, L. G. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256877 · Cited by 142
Walking with the Scarecrow: The Information‐Processing Approach to Decision Research
Payne, J. W., & Bettman, J. R. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470752937.ch6 · Cited by 144
“However, there is growing awareness that information processing below the level of consciousness (i.e., System 1) may have a far greater impact on judgments and choices than previously realized (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Hogarth, 2001).”
Background
Construal Levels and Self-ControlPreprint
Yaacov Trope, B., Fujita, K., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.946436 · Cited by 142
The Relation Between Trust Beliefs and Loneliness During Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adulthood
Rotenberg, K. J., Addis, N., Betts, L., Corrigan, A., Fox, C., Hobson, Z., Rennison, S., Trueman, M., & Boulton, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210374957 · Cited by 139
“Potentially, trust belief cognitive schema functions serve as nonconscious cognitions that elicit emotions and motivations without individuals’ awareness (see Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
Background
A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance.
Stajković, A. D., Locke, E. A., & Blair, E. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1172 · Cited by 140
“stooge as compared to participants primed with no such behaviors ( Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Mediation of the Negative Effect of Red on Intellectual Performance
Maier, M., Elliot, A. J., & Lichtenfeld, S. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208323104 · Cited by 140
Social support: The movie
Hobfoll, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407509105524 · Cited by 140
“Humans must aggregate their knowledge for efficiency (Anderson, 1991; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Murphy, 1985).”
Background
Strategic Use of Evidence During Investigative Interviews
Hartwig, M., Granhag, P. A., & Luke, T. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394433-7.00001-4 · Cited by 152
A Cognitive Control Perspective of Self‐Control Strength and Its Depletion
Robinson, M. D., Schmeichel, B. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00244.x · Cited by 145
“…(Collins & Loftus, 1975) formed the basis of a meta-perspective on social judgments and behaviors that emphasized the unawareness and perhaps inescapability of such spreading-activation ª 2010 The Authors Journal Compilation ª 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd influences (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
Background
Remnants of the U.S. Civil War and modern consumer behavior
Shimp, T. A., Dunn, T. H., & Klein, J. G. (2003) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.10116 · Cited by 137
Giving Learners the Best of Both Worlds: Do Clinical Teachers Need to Guard Against Teaching Pattern Recognition to Novices?
Ark, T. K., Brooks, L. R., & Eva, K. W. (2006) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200604000-00017 · Cited by 137
The Cultural Evolution of Religion
Bulbulia, J. A., Geertz, A. W., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E. E. A., Evans, N., François, P., Gintis, H. M., Gray, R. D., Henrich, J., Jordon, F. M., et al. (2013) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9894.003.0026 · Cited by 140
“This well-established implicit priming procedure activates a particular concept without any conscious awareness (Bargh and Chartrand 1999).”
Background
Imitation in Infancy: Rational or Motor Resonance?
Paulus, M., Hunnius, S., Vissers, M. E., & Harold Bekkering, A. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01610.x · Cited by 137
“…our findings shed light on the ‘‘complete mystery’’ (Bates, 1979, p. 332; cf. Jones, 2007) of the information-processing mechanisms behind infants’ imitation and provide evidence that motor resonance is an important, automatic mechanism subserving imitation in infancy (cf. Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).”
BackgroundResult
Reflecting and Deflecting Stereotypes: Assimilation and Contrast in Impression Formation and Automatic Behavior
Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., & Lépinasse, V. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1449 · Cited by 136

Authors: Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
ORCID: Bargh, John A.
Chartrand, Tanya L.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 54
Issue: 7
Pages: 462-479
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462
OpenAlex: W2130142026
Cited by: 3,699
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 156 · 2015: 184 · 2014: 217 · 2013: 207 · 2012: 188
FWCI: 36.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: automaticity, unconscious processes, conscious control, environmental control, automatic processes, judgment, emotions, intentional control, information processing

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The unbearable automaticity of being

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