The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
Open accessAbstract
When people encounter problems in translating their goals into action (e.g., failing to get started, becoming distracted, or falling into bad habits), they may strategically call on automatic processes in an attempt to secure goal attain-ment. This can be achieved by plans in the form of imple-mentation intentions that link anticipated critical situations to goal-directed responses ("Whenever situation x arises, I will initiate the goal-directed response y!"). Implementa-tion intentions delegate the control of goal-directed re-sponses to anticipated situational cues, which (when actu-ally encountered) elicit these responses automatically. A program of research demonstrates that implementation intentions further the attainment of goals, and it reveals the underlying processes. Good resolutions are useless attempts to interfere with scientific laws. Their origin is pure vanity. Their result is absolutely nil. —Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray G ood intentions have a bad reputation. People whoform New Year's resolutions earn at best a sym-pathetic smile when they announce their heroic intentions (e.g., exercising regularly, avoiding unhealthy foods). Though the audience may concede that such reso-lutions are made with good will (Oscar Wilde is less trusting), they doubt their effectiveness. This suspicion is deeply rooted. Folklore tells us that "the road to hell is paved with good intentions." Do good intentions deserve this bad reputation? As the many empirical studies based on Ajzen's (1985) theory of planned behavior demonstrate, there is no reason to assume that good intentions have nil effects or even negative ef-fects on behavior. Quite to the contrary, strong intentions (e.g., "I strongly intend to do x") are reliably observed to be realized more often than weak intentions (see reviews by
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This lack of variation likely reflects a shared understanding in the literature—grounded in theoretical work by Gollwitzer (1999)—that cues should be concrete and salient (see also Schaaf et al., 2025).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“another common strategy is the use of “implementation intentions” (Gilbert, Gollwitzer, Cohen, Burgess, & Oettingen, 2009; Gollwitzer, 1999), where an intended thought or action is mentally linked with a specific anticipated situational cue.”
From Strategic offloading of delayed intentions into the external environment (2015) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Implementation intentions have been introduced as a ‘simple’ strategy that helps people translate their good intentions into action (Gollwitzer, 1999).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings support the idea that implementation intentions are a ‘simple’ strategy (Gollwitzer, 1999) that is especially suitable for children and capable of compensating for developmental or clinical self‐regulation deficits.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The absence of a significant decrease in effect sizes for studies with longer time intervals could suggest that implementation intentions may have lasting effects, which is consistent with the idea that they promote instant habit formation (Gollwitzer, 1999).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A powerful self-regulation strategy geared towards facilitating the control of specific critical goal-directed behaviors is the making of if-then plans (i.e., forming implementation intentions, Gollwitzer, 1999).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding supports the assumption (Gollwitzer, 1999) that action control by implementation intentions is an efficient strategy (i.e., requires few cognitive resources).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer, 1999
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I. (1985) · Action Control · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 · Cited by 19,057
Higgins, E. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280 · Cited by 6,775
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
The Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446249215.n22 · Cited by 5,514
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance
Tosi, H. L., Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1991) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258875 · Cited by 4,840
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
Tosi, H. L. (1991) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1991.4278976 · Cited by 4,147
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Aarts, H., Dijksterhuis, A., & Midden, C. (in press). To plan or not to plan? Goal achievement or interrupting the performance of mundane behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology.
- Braff, D. L., Saccuzzo, D. P., & Geyer, M. (1991). Information processing dysfunctions in schizophrenia. In S. R. Steinhauer, J. H. Gruzelier, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Handbook of schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, psycho- physiology and information processing (Vol. 5, pp. 303-334). Amster- dam: Elsevier.
- Malzacher, J. T. (1992). Erleichtern Vorsatze die Handlungsinitiierung? [Do implementation intentions facilitate the initiation of behavior?]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitat, Munich, Germany.
- Remlinger, J. (1997). Vorsatzeffekte bei Opiatabhdngigen [Implementa- tion intention effects in opiate addicts]. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Konstanz, Germany.
- Schmitt, S. (1997). Zur Wirkungsweise von Vorsatzeffekten bei schizo- phren Erkrankten [Implementation intention effects in schizophrenic patients]. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Konstanz, Ger- many.
- Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (1999). Implementation intentions and repeated behaviors: Augmenting the predictive validity of the theory of planned behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 349-370.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,045
Positive youth development, willful adolescents, and mentoring
Larson, R. W. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20123 · Cited by 344
Milyavskaya, M., Inzlicht, M., Hope, N. H., & Koestner, R. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000045 · Cited by 340
Duda, J. L. (2013) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2013.839414 · Cited by 378
He, H. A., Greenberg, S., & Huang, E. M. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753464 · Cited by 313
Tracking the construction of episodic future thoughts
D'Argembeau, A., & Mathy, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0022581 · Cited by 294
Changing clinical behaviour by making guidelines specific
Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7435.343 · Cited by 309
Yates, J. F., & de Oliveira, S. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.05.003 · Cited by 366
Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Kahara-Kawuki, A., Wasswa Katono, I., Kyejjusa, S., Ngoma, M., Munene, J., Namatovu-Dawa, R., Nansubuga, F., Orobia, L., et al. (2015) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2012.0107 · Cited by 305
Brown, T. J., Ham, S. H., & Hughes, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669581003721281 · Cited by 307
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Consumer Behavior
Strack, F., Werth, L., & Deutsch, R. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1603_2 · Cited by 303
Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now
Gilovich, T. D., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.002 · Cited by 312
Grossmann, I. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616672066 · Cited by 306
Järvenoja, H., & Järvelä, S. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709909x402811 · Cited by 334
Kehr, H. M. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2004.13670963 · Cited by 334
Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives of Intertemporal Choice
Loewenstein, G. F., Read, D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Cited by 302
Positive affective processes underlie positive health behaviour change
Cappellen, P. V., Rice, E. L., Catalino, L. I., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1320798 · Cited by 337
Education for sustainable development beyond attitude change
Arbuthnott, K. D. (2009) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/14676370910945954 · Cited by 303
Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019393 · Cited by 316
Thomas, C., & Sharp, V. (2013) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.04.010 · Cited by 295
Modelling motivation and habit in stable travel mode contexts
Gardner, B. (2009) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.08.001 · Cited by 300
Closing the gap between values and behavior—a means–end theory of lifestyle
Brunsø, K., Scholderer, J., & Grunert, K. G. (2002) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00310-7 · Cited by 316
Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus
Lunn, P., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F., Timmons, S., & Robertson, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Public Administration · doi:10.30636/jbpa.31.147 · Cited by 316
The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals.
Monk, C. A., Trafton, J. G., & Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/a0014402 · Cited by 296
Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation
Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.003 · Cited by 294
Literacy, self-efficacy, and HIV medication adherence
Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., Osborn, C. Y., Skripkauskas, S., Bennett, C. L., & Makoul, G. (2007) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.08.006 · Cited by 292
Commitment and Behavior Change
Lokhorst, A. M., Werner, C. M., Staats, H., van Dijk, E., & Gale, J. L. (2011) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916511411477 · Cited by 296
Dynamics of self-regulation: How (un)accomplished goal actions affect motivation.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.183 · Cited by 303
Chen, I. Y. L., Chen, N. S., & Kinshuk, K. (2009) · Cited by 291
Ruby, F. J. M., Smallwood, J., Engen, H., & Singer, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077554 · Cited by 275
Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives
Kahneman, D. J., & Miller, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.022 · Cited by 285
Benhabib, J., & Bisin, A. (2004) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2004.10.004 · Cited by 279
The Hippocampus and Imagining the Future: Where Do We Stand?
Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00173 · Cited by 285
Dumas, J. E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3404_20 · Cited by 285
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 346
Eight Stages in Learning Motivational Interviewing
Miller, W. R., & Moyers, T. B. (2006) · Journal of Teaching in the Addictions · doi:10.1300/j188v05n01_02 · Cited by 283
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Gillebaart, M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12160 · Cited by 311
A story of maladies, misconceptions and mishaps: effective management of heart failure
Horowitz, C. R., Rein, S. B., & Leventhal, H. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00232-6 · Cited by 282
Scholz, U., Sniehotta, F. F., & Schwarzer, R. (2005) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.27.2.135 · Cited by 281
Metacognitive model of mindfulness
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.005 · Cited by 276
A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity
Rebar, A. L., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505 · Cited by 301
Diversity mindsets and the performance of diverse teams
van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Homan, A. C. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.03.003 · Cited by 302
Carraro, N., & Gaudreau, P. (2012) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.004 · Cited by 290
Aspinwall, L. G. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9013-1 · Cited by 272
Gender effects on entrepreneurial intention: a meta‐analytical structural equation model
Haus, I., Steinmetz, H., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2013) · International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/17566261311328828 · Cited by 309
Understanding the dark and bright sides of anxiety: A theory of workplace anxiety.
Cheng, B. H., & McCarthy, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000266 · Cited by 309
Self-Control in School-Age Children
Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.926225 · Cited by 304
The Precaution Adoption Process Model
Weinstein, N. D., Sandman, P. M., & Blalock, S. J. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch100 · Cited by 270
Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.60 · Cited by 259
Forming a flossing habit: An exploratory study of the psychological determinants of habit formation
Judah, G., Gardner, B., & Aunger, R. V. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02086.x · Cited by 281
Debt out of control: The links between self-control, compulsive buying, and real debts
Achtziger, A., Hubert, M., Kenning, P. H., Raab, G., & Reisch, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2015.04.003 · Cited by 266
High-maintenance interaction: Inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation.
Finkel, E. J., Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., Dalton, A. N., Scarbeck, S. J., & Chartrand, T. L. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.456 · Cited by 278
Hassin, R. R. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612460684 · Cited by 281
Critical ingredients of career choice interventions: More analyses and new hypotheses
Brown, S. D., Krane, N. E. R., Brecheisen, J., Castelino, P., Budisin, I., Miller, M. J., & Edens, L. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00052-0 · Cited by 260
Reducing the Expression of Implicit Stereotypes: Reflexive Control Through Implementation Intentions
Mendoza, S. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Amodio, D. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210362789 · Cited by 251
Self-citationQuestions Raised by a Reasoned Action Approach: Comment on Ogden (2003).
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.431 · Cited by 258
A Task-Based Model of Perceived Website Complexity1
Nadkarni, S., & Gupta, R. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148805 · Cited by 263
Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12072 · Cited by 305
Leader cognition in real-world settings: How do leaders think about crises?
Mumford, M. D., Friedrich, T. L., Caughron, J. J., & Byrne, C. L. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.002 · Cited by 231
The Theory Of Planned Behaviour And The Impact Of Past Behaviour
Sommer, L. (2011) · International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) · doi:10.19030/iber.v10i1.930 · Cited by 271
Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control
Duckworth, A. L., Milkman, K. L., & Laibson, D. (2018) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100618821893 · Cited by 294
Schwarzer, R., Łuszczyńska, A., Ziegelmann, J. P., Scholz, U., & Lippke, S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1(suppl.).s54 · Cited by 256
Applying Insights from Behavioral Economics to Policy Design
Madrian, B. C. (2014) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041033 · Cited by 273
Asante, E. A., & Affum‐Osei, E. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.006 · Cited by 272
Determinants of behaviour and their efficacy as targets of behavioural change interventions
Albarracín, D., Farkhad, B. F., & Samayoa, J. A. G. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00305-0 · Cited by 313
Integrative Literature Review: Motivation to Transfer Training: An Integrative Literature Review
Gegenfurtner, A., Veermans, K., Festner, D., & Gruber, H. G. (2009) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484309335970 · Cited by 255
Applying the stage model of self-regulated behavioral change in a car use reduction intervention
Bamberg, S. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.10.001 · Cited by 254
Fresé, M., Krauss, S. I., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., Heers, C., Unger, J., & Friedrich, C. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1481 · Cited by 266
Executive function moderates the intention-behavior link for physical activity and dietary behavior
Hall, P. A., Fong, G. T., Epp, L. J., & Elias, L. J. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/14768320701212099 · Cited by 274
Sheldon, K. M. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314538549 · Cited by 281
Shopping Goals, Goal Concreteness, and Conditional Promotions
Lee, L., & Dan Ariely, C. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/504136 · Cited by 253
Pelletier, L. G., & Sharp, E. C. (2008) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0012755 · Cited by 285
The Promotion of Self-Regulation Through Parenting Interventions
Sanders, M. R., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0129-z · Cited by 250
Norman, P. E., & Conner, M. T. (2005) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.27.4.488 · Cited by 249
Megastudies improve the impact of applied behavioural science
Milkman, K. L., Gromet, D. M., Ho, H., Kay, J., Lee, T. W., Pandiloski, P., Park, Y., Rai, A., Bazerman, M. H., Beshears, J. L., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04128-4 · Cited by 260
Beyond behavioural intentions: Planning mediates between intentions and physical activity
Scholz, U., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2007) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x216062 · Cited by 269
Choosing Effective Behavior Change Tools
McKenzie‐Mohr, D., & Schultz, P. W. (2014) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1524500413519257 · Cited by 248
Therapist influence on client language during motivational interviewing sessions
Moyers, T. B., & Martin, T. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.12.003 · Cited by 248
The use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour
Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. T. (2003) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001594493 · Cited by 245
Pragmatic Prospection: How and Why People Think about the Future
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., & Oettingen, G. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000060 · Cited by 220
Hudders, L., Pauw, P. D., Cauberghe, V., Panić, K., Zarouali, B., & Rozendaal, E. (2017) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1269303 · Cited by 246
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 245
Ismail, K., Maissi, E., Thomas, S., Chalder, T., Schmidt, U. H., Bartlett, J. W., Patel, A. K., Dickens, C. M., Creed, F. H., & Treasure, J. L. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14220 · Cited by 247
Implementation Intentions and Facilitation of Prospective Memory
Chasteen, A. L., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00385 · Cited by 241
Nickerson, D. W., & Rogers, T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359326 · Cited by 244
Towards a Unitary Approach to Human Action Control
Hommel, B., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.09.009 · Cited by 260
Klasnja, P., Smith, S., Seewald, N. J., Lee, A., Hall, K., Luers, B., Hekler, E. B., & Murphy, S. A. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay067 · Cited by 241
Berger, J. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.1.1 · Cited by 251
Regulatory Fit and Resisting Temptation during Goal Pursuit
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1504 · Cited by 242
Effective self-regulation of goal attainment
Oettingen, G., Hönig, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2000) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(00)00046-x · Cited by 254
Self-citationLynch, J. G., Netemeyer, R. G., Spiller, S. A., & Zammit, A. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/649907 · Cited by 249
Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2005) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.27.4.470 · Cited by 240
Strength Model of Self-Regulation as Limited Resource
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2016) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.04.001 · Cited by 286
Breaking Habits With Implementation Intentions: A Test of Underlying Processes
Adriaanse, M. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., de Ridder, D. T. D., de Wit, J. B. F., & Kroese, F. M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211399102 · Cited by 237
Self-citationExploring the Mechanisms of Self-Control Improvement
Inzlicht, M., Legault, L., & Teper, R. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414534256 · Cited by 247
Kwasnicka, D., Presseau, J., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2013) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.766832 · Cited by 237
Evidence that implementation intentions reduce dietary fat intake: A randomized trial.
Armitage, C. J. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.319 · Cited by 237
Beyond Self-Tracking and Reminders: Designing Smartphone Apps That Support Habit Formation
Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702230 · Cited by 237
Construal Level Theory in Organizational Research
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Reyt, J.-N., Brockner, J., & Trope, Y. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113115 · Cited by 239
Self‐Regulation in Health Behavior
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713150 · Cited by 243
Leadership decision-making: A behavioral reasoning theory analysis
Westaby, J. D., Probst, T. M., & Lee, B. C. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.011 · Cited by 264
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gollwitzer, Peter M.
- ORCID
- Gollwitzer, Peter M.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 493-503
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2133044046
- Cited by
- 5,478
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 228 · 2025: 195 · 2024: 214 · 2023: 313 · 2022: 248 · 2021: 284 · 2020: 404 · 2019: 288 · 2018: 301 · 2017: 284 · 2016: 281 · 2015: 270 · 2014: 279 · 2013: 252 · 2012: 238
- FWCI
- 96.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Universität Konstanz
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, automatic processes, goal-directed behavior, situational cues, habit formation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
