Individual differences in the regulation of intergroup bias: The role of conflict monitoring and neural signals for control.
Abstract
Low-prejudice people vary considerably in their ability to regulate intergroup responses. The authors hypothesized that this variability arises from a neural mechanism for monitoring conflict between automatic race-biased tendencies and egalitarian intentions. In Study 1, they found that low-prejudice participants whose nonprejudiced responses are motivated by internal (but not external) factors exhibited better control on a stereotype-inhibition task than did participants motivated by a combination of internal and external factors. This difference was associated with greater conflict-monitoring activity, measured by event-related potentials, when responses required stereotype inhibition. Study 2 demonstrated that group differences were specific to response control in the domain of prejudice. Results indicate that conflict monitoring, a preconscious component of response control, accounts for variability in intergroup bias among low-prejudice participants.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CRN amplitude enhancement has been shown in response to successful stereotype control related to ethnic group membership.
“CRN amplitude enhancement has also been shown in response to successful stereotype control related to ethnic group membership (Amodio, 2008;Amodio, Devine, & Harmon-Jones, 2008).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Amodio, Devine, & Harmon-Jones, 2008
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210 · see citing works
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,819 · see citing works
(1954) · Cited by 15,935 · see citing works
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · see citing works
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087 · see citing works
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351 · see citing works
Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230 · see citing works
(1999) · Cited by 6,104 · see citing works
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493 · Cited by 5,478 · see citing works
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory
Jacoby, L. (1991) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90025-f · Cited by 3,815 · see citing works
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741 · see citing works
MacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1835 · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089910 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
A neural system for error detection and compensation
Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x · Cited by 2,862 · see citing works
DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy
Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195503 · Cited by 2,775 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex
Botvinick, M., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, K., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/46035 · Cited by 2,044 · see citing works
A Solution for Reliable and Valid Reduction of Ocular Artifacts, Applied to the P300 ERP
Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P., & Presslich, O. (1986) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00696.x · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
The neural basis of error detection: Conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity
Yeung, N., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.931 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
Falkenstein, M., Hohnsbein, J., Hoormann, J., & Blanke, L. (1991) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(91)90062-9 · Cited by 1,706 · see citing works
Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice.
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
Self-citationImplicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Beer, W. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069383 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
The Timing of Action-Monitoring Processes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045837 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Localization of a Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation
Dehaene, S., Posner, M. I., & Tucker, D. M. (1994) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00630.x · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986) · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Blom, J., Band, G. P. H., & Kok, A. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3850752 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117 · Cited by 1,157 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Most previous models (e.g., Wegener & Petty, 1997; Wilson & Brekke, 1994 ) focus on the deliberative process of detecting the presence of bias and deciding to initiate control (but see Gollwitzer, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodPrejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon.
Payne, B. K. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.2.181 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity.
Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. W. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.125 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Errors and error correction in choice-response tasks.
Rabbitt, P. (1966) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022853 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements
Cacioppo, J. T., & Tassinary, L. G. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.835 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook of research methods in clinical psychology
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2486 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Separable Neural Components in the Processing of Black and White Faces
Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00760.x · Cited by 686 · see citing works
An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions
Dunton, B. C., & Fázio, R. H. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297233009 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: An event-related fMRI study
Kiehl, K. A., Liddle, P. F., & Hopfinger, J. B. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720216 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Prejudice with and without compunction
Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.817 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-regulation of prejudiced responses: Implications for progress in prejudice-reduction efforts
Monteith, M. J. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.469 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., & Russin, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.5.871 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Luu, P., Collins, P., & Tucker, D. M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.43 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationPreconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals.
Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
The Flexible Correction Model: The Role of Naive Theories of Bias in Bias Correction
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60017-9 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Functions of the Medial Frontal Cortex in the Processing of Conflict and Errors
Gehring, W. J., & Fencsik, D. E. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09430.2001 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Event-related brain potentials.
Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., & Federmeier, K. D. (1990) · Cited by 435 · see citing works
College Students’ Racial Attitudes
Brigham, J. C. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01074.x · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict
Bartholow, B. D., Pearson, M. A., Dickter, C. L., Sher, K. J., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00258.x · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Brain Regions Responsive to Novelty in the Absence of Awareness
Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., & Mintun, M. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1272 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Neural Signals for the Detection of Unintentional Race Bias
Amodio, D. M., Harmon‐Jones, E., Devine, P. G., Curtin, J. J., Hartley, S. L., & Covert, A. E. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502003.x · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationPutting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control.
Monteith, M. J., Ashburn‐Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Czopp, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1029 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Payne, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01933.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationAmodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.738 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationPayne, B. K., Lambert, A. J., & Jacoby, L. L. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00006-9 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Perception and expression of emotion in right-handers and left-handers
Heller, W., & Levy, J. (1981) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(81)90110-x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Automaticity and control in stereotyping.
Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1999) · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationBartholow, B. D., Dickter, C. L., & Sestir, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.272 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lambert, A. J., Payne, B. K., Jacoby, L. L., Shaffer, L. M., Chasteen, A. L., & Khan, S. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.277 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Alternative mechanisms for regulating racial responses according to internalvsexternal cues
Amodio, D. M., Kubota, J. T., Harmon‐Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationMonteith, M. J., & Voils, C. I. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.4.901 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Plant, E. A., Devine, P. G., & Brazy, P. C. (2003) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430203006002004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm
Judd, C. M., Blair, I. V., & Chapleau, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00063-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Research methods in adult psychopathology.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Raniere, D., & Dyller, I. M. (1999) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping
Amodio, D. M. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3800 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional foundations of cognitive control
Inzlicht, M., Bartholow, B. D., & Hirsh, J. B. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.004 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Understanding all inconsistency compensation as a palliative response to violated expectations
Proulx, T., Inzlicht, M., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.002 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationJost, J. T., Rudman, L. A., Blair, I. V., Carney, D. R., Dasgupta, N., Glaser, J., & Hardin, C. D. (2009) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002029 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Chen, X., Köpetz, C., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0025488 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses.
Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.314 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Reducing the Expression of Implicit Stereotypes: Reflexive Control Through Implementation Intentions
Mendoza, S. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Amodio, D. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210362789 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationNairn, A. C., & Fine, C. (2008) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/s0265048708080062 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Weinberg, A., Riesel, A., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9269-y · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Ito, T. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.10.002 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Chapter 3 Action‐Based Model of Dissonance
Harmon‐Jones, E., Amodio, D. M., & Harmon‐Jones, C. (2009) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)00403-6 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationLegault, L., & Inzlicht, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030426 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes
Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., & Levy, N. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414566449 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationPolitical Neuroscience: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship
Jost, J. T., Nam, H. H., Amodio, D. M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12162 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationError-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: A review of the literature
Weinberg, A., Dieterich, R., & Riesel, A. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.029 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationAmodio, D. M., Bartholow, B. D., & Ito, T. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst177 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias.
Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038557 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Skulmowski, A., Bunge, A., Kaspar, K., & Pipa, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Anxiety and error monitoring: the importance of motivation and emotion
Proudfit, G. H., Inzlicht, M., & Mennin, D. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00636 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Bartholow, B. D., Henry, E. A., Lust, S. A., Saults, J. S., & Wood, P. K. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023664 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice
Amodio, D. M., & Cikara, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationThe need to believe: a neuroscience account of religion as a motivated process
Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A. M., & Good, M. (2011) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2011.647849 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Threat of Appearing Prejudiced and Race-Based Attentional Biases
Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02052.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Perry, S., Murphy, M. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Szeto, A. C. H., & Dobson, K. S. (2010) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2011.11.002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The social neuroscience of intergroup relations
Amodio, D. M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280801927937 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice
Beer, J. S., Stallen, M., Lombardo, M. V., Gonsalkorale, K., Cunningham, W. A., & Sherman, J. W. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.033 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Amodio, D. M. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21395 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationPrejudice Control and Interracial Relations: The Role of Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice
Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00583.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Roessel, J., Schoel, C., & Stahlberg, D. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19884619 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Will the Real Moral Judgment Please Stand Up?
Kennett, J., & Fine, C. (2008) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-008-9136-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The social neuroscience of race-based and status-based prejudice
Mattan, B. D., Wei, K. Y., Cloutier, J., & Kubota, J. T. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.010 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy
Eres, R., & Molenberghs, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00176 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
When People Do Allyship: A Typology of Allyship Action
Souza, L. D., & Schmader, T. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241232732 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stereotypes and Shifting Standards
Biernat, M. (2012) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394286-9.00001-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The corpus callosum: A commissural road to anger and aggression
Schutter, D. J. L. G., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.013 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Endurance of Interpersonal Confrontations as a Prejudice Reduction Strategy
Chaney, K. E., & Sanchez, D. T. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217741344 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Routes to Positive Interracial Interactions: Approaching Egalitarianism or Avoiding Prejudice
Plant, E. A., Devine, P. G., & Peruche, M. B. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210378018 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing Prejudice Through Brain Stimulation
Sellaro, R., Derks, B., Nitsche, M. A., Hommel, B., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., van Dam, K., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The self-regulation of prejudice: Toward understanding its lived character
Monteith, M. J., Mark, A. Y., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209353633 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?
Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627998 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gilbert, S. J., Swencionis, J. K., & Amodio, D. M. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationNeel, R., & Shapiro, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028237 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Rauchbauer, B., Majdandžić, J., Hummer, A., Windischberger, C., & Lamm, C. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Motivation to Control Prejudice Predicts Categorization of Multiracials
Chen, J. M., Moons, W. G., Gaither, S. E., Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213520457 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Forbes, C. E., Schmader, T., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Park, S. H., Glaser, J., & Knowles, E. D. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.4.401 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Trusting outgroup, but not ingroup members, requires control: neural and behavioral evidence
Hughes, B., Ambady, N., & Zaki, J. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw139 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
False fame prevented: avoiding fluency effects without judgmental correction.
Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019260 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Forbes, C. E., Cox, C. L., Schmader, T., & Ryan, L. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr052 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of proactive and reactive cognitive control in social anxiety
Schmid, P. C., Kleiman, T., & Amodio, D. M. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.030 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMotivational Processes Underlying Both Prejudice and Helping
Graziano, W. G., & Habashi, M. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310361239 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Motivation alters impression formation and related neural systems
Hughes, B., Zaki, J., & Ambady, N. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw147 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kleiman, T., Hassin, R. R., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033047 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Minority Perceptions of Whites’ Motives for Responding Without Prejudice
Major, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Kunstman, J. W. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213475367 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Proactive control of implicit bias: A theoretical model and implications for behavior change.
Amodio, D. M., & Swencionis, J. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000128 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationCunningham, W. A., Bavel, J. J. V., Arbuckle, N. L., Packer, D. J., & Waggoner, A. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00140 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Moral concerns increase attention and response monitoring during IAT performance: ERP evidence
van Nunspeet, F., Ellemers, N., Derks, B., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss118 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Blinder, S. B., Ford, R., & Ivarsflaten, E. (2019) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414019830728 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Accounting for Successful Control of Implicit Racial Bias
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., Allen, T. J., Klauer, K. C., & Amodio, D. M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211414064 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationCox, W. T. L., Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Schwartz, L. L. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.923312 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPower effects on cognitive control: Turning conflict into action.
Schmid, P. C., Kleiman, T., & Amodio, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000068 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpathy and moral emotions in post-apartheid South Africa: an fMRI investigation
Fourie, M. M., Stein, D. J., Solms, M., Gobodo‐Madikizela, P., & Decety, J. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Amodio, D. M. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.695 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationImplicit Attitudes Reflect Associative, Non‐associative, and Non‐attitudinal Processes
Calanchini, J., & Sherman, J. W. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12053 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neural basis of disgust perception in racial prejudice
Liu, Y., Lin, W., Xu, P., Zhang, D., & Luo, Y. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Harmon‐Jones, E., Harmon‐Jones, C., Serra, R., & Gable, P. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210397059 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of proximal social contexts: Assessing stigma-by-association effects on leader appraisals.
Hernandez, M., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Hebl, M. R., Smith, A. N., & McKay, P. F. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000030 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chen, M., Ma, Q., Li, M., Lai, H., Wang, X., & Shu, L. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Schooling the Cognitive Monster: The Role of Motivation in the Regulation and Control of Prejudice
Monteith, M. J., Lybarger, J. E., & Woodcock, A. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00177.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Group Membership and Exemplar Exposure Effects on Implicit Attitudes
Gonsalkorale, K., Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2010) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000023 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
How does the brain regulate negative bias to stigma?
Krendl, A. C., Kensinger, E. A., & Ambady, N. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Implicit moral evaluations: A multinomial modeling approach.
Cameron, C. D., Payne, B. K., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Scheffer, J. A., & Inzlicht, M. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Payne, B. K. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00091.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Calanchini, J., Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1941 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bartholow, B. D. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00955.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures
Hagiwara, N., Dovidio, J., Stone, J., & Penner, L. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s68 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rabinak, C. A., Holman, A., Angstadt, M., Kennedy, A. E., Hajcak, G., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.01.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chong, L. J., & Meyer, A. M. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1528264 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ERP measures of math anxiety: how math anxiety affects working memory and mental calculation tasks?
Klados, M. A., Simos, P. G., Micheloyannis, S., Margulies, D. S., & Bamidis, P. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00282 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Klauer, K. C., & Voß, A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208318603 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cognitive Consistency in Social Cognition
Brannon, S. M., & Gawronski, B. (2018) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.314 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neural correlates of biased social fear learning and interaction in an intergroup context
Molapour, T., Golkar, A., Navarrete, C. D., Haaker, J., & Olsson, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Why school psychology for diversity?
Bartolo, P. A. (2010) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034310386532 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Experimental philosophy and the fruitfulness of normative concepts
Lindauer, M. (2019) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-019-01302-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The prejudice habit-breaking intervention
Cox, W. T. L., & Devine, P. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00015-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationRace, weapons, and the perception of threat
Payne, B. K., & Correll, J. (2020) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.04.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Brain activation underlying threat detection to targets of different races
Senholzi, K. B., Depue, B. E., Correll, J., Banich, M. T., & Ito, T. A. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1091380 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vitriol, J. A., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104165 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Exposure to sexism can decrease implicit gender stereotype bias
Ramos, M. R., Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Moya, M., Ferreira, L., & Calanchini, J. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2165 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Leeuwis, N., van Bommel, T., & Alimardani, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.886600 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Weapons Identification Task: Recommendations for adequately powered research
Rivers, A. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177857 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of racial categorization from visual perception: A meta-analytic study
Bagnis, A., Celeghin, A., Diano, M., Mendez, C. A., Spadaro, G., Mosso, C. O., Avenanti, A., & Tamietto, M. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116939 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fehr, J., & Sassenberg, K. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.620 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The impact of motivation on race-based impression formation
Li, T., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Correll, J., & Cloutier, J. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.035 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hilgard, J., Bartholow, B. D., Dickter, C. L., & Blanton, H. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu060 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0967-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Willing and able: How internal motivation and failure help to overcome prejudice
Fehr, J., & Sassenberg, K. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209343116 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60-74
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2154504519
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 64.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2008-02-18)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-9910702; BCS 0350435)
- National Institutes of Health (T32-MH18931)
- APA
- University of Wisconsin
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- intergroup bias, prejudice, conflict monitoring, response control, individual differences, motivation, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Black or African American, Cognition, Conflict, Psychological, Evoked Potentials, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Neuropsychology, Prejudice, United States, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review