Metacognitive model of mindfulness
Abstract
Mindfulness training has proven to be an efficacious therapeutic tool for a variety of clinical and nonclinical health problems and a booster of well-being. In this paper we propose a multi-level metacognitive model of mindfulness. We postulate and discuss following hypothesis: (1) mindfulness is related to the highest level of metacognition; (2) mindfulness depends on dynamic cooperation of three main components of the metacognition (metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences and metacognitive skills); (3) a mindful meta-level is always conscious while the other meta-cognitive processes can occur implicitly; (4) intentionally practiced mindfulness decreases dissociations between awareness and meta-awareness; (5) components of mindful meta-level develop and change during continuous practice. The current model is discussed in the light of empirical data and other theoretical approaches to mindfulness concept. We believe that presented model provides some helpful avenues for future research and theoretical investigations into mindfulness and the mechanisms of its actions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One possibility is that ACM instructions inadvertently promoted mindfulness through the cultivation of meta-awareness.
“One possibility is that ACM instructions inadvertently promoted mindfulness through the cultivation of meta‐awareness—the awareness of one's current mental state, including where attention is focused, a key component of mindfulness (Dunne et al., 2019; Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
From The effects of mindfulness meditation on burnout in clinical genetic counselors: A three-arm randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Jankowski & Holas, 2014
Mindfulness training has been associated with increased decentering and metacognitive awareness.
“Indeed, mindfulness training has been associated with increased decentering and metacognitive awareness [44–46].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · see citing works
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881 · see citing works
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Flavell, J. H. (1979) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.10.906 · Cited by 11,282 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The higher (meta) level monitors and controls cognitive processing on the lower (object) level, never the other way around (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1994).”
BackgroundPosner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In the proposed model we try to translate definition of mindfulness proposed by Kabat-Zinn (2003) into metacognitive terms and therefore we refer it to the highest level of meta-cognition.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612 · see citing works
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore the second cognitive process inherent in a state of mindfulness is sustaining attention – the ability to stay vigilant over a prolonged period of time (Posner & Petersen, 1990; Sarter, Givens, & Bruno, 2001).”
Background(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477 · see citing works
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234 · see citing works
Ryle, G. (2006) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798216413257.ch-2 · Cited by 6,804 · see citing works
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779 · see citing works
Construal-level theory of psychological distance.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018963 · Cited by 6,618 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In this way mindfulness practice may be treated as an attentional training similar to others, developed for example by Wells (2009) or Sturm, Klaus and Orgass (1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential(1999) · Cited by 5,934 · see citing works
Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493 · Cited by 5,478 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
NEFF, K. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309032 · Cited by 5,440 · see citing works
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · see citing works
-Handbook of Self-Determination Research by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan (Editors)
Paulson, D. S. (2002) · The Journal of mind and behavior · Cited by 5,171 · see citing works
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577 · see citing works
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576 · see citing works
The principles of psychology, Vol I.
James, W. (1890) · doi:10.1037/10538-000 · Cited by 4,514 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,439 · see citing works
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20237 · Cited by 4,002 · see citing works
The unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699 · see citing works
Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654 · see citing works
Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800005105 · Cited by 2,892 · see citing works
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 · Cited by 2,736 · see citing works
Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005 · Cited by 2,659 · see citing works
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. I.-C., & Burrows, L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.2.230 · Cited by 2,637 · see citing works
Ironic processes of mental control.
Wegner, D. M. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34 · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition
Barnes‐Holmes, Y., Hayes, S. C., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Roche, B. T. (2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2482 · Cited by 1,974 · see citing works
Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900234106 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
Posner, M. I., & Boies, S. J. (1971) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0031333 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.225 · Cited by 1,729 · see citing works
Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation
Tang, Y.-Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., Yu, Q., Sui, D., Rothbart, M. K., Fan, M., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707678104 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention
JHA, A. P., KROMPINGER, J., & BAIME, M. J. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.2.109 · Cited by 1,580 · see citing works
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0011-7 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
The Self-conscious emotions: theory and research
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5271 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: results from a randomized trial
Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.003 · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
The Timing of Action-Monitoring Processes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045837 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Self‐Compassion Versus Global Self‐Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38006-9 · Cited by 1,244 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mindfulness is also related with greater authenticity, and what is especially important here – with an unbiased processing of self-relevant information (Kernis & Goldman, 2006).”
BackgroundGoldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018441 · Cited by 1,242 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In line with these studies, Goldin and Gross (2010) documented a quicker decrease of activation in the amygdala in social anxiety patients presented with negative self-beliefs after completing 8 weeks of MBSR. Neuroimaging studies also showed the effects of meditation practice on ACC activity…”
ResultMetacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence.
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Efklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up.
Sarter, M., Givens, B., & Bruno, J. P. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00044-3 · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression
Veeraraghavan, V. (2009) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800902833770 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
(2002) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/m.1365-2850.2002.00006.x · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research.
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000) · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612459659 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00148 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
(2008) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners
Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606552104 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., Brown, L. H., McVay, J. C., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Consciousness and metacognition.
Nelson, T. O. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.102 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling
Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180f6171f · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The meta-cognitive insight differs from general, and context irrelevant, abstract knowledge and is described by different authors as experience of decentration (Fresco et al., 2007) or cognitive defusion (Herzberg et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWhy Investigate Metacognition?
Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4561.003.0003 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-3535 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
Silvia, P. J. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158557.001.0001 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Efklides, A. (2008) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
On the Functional Neuroanatomy of Intrinsic and Phasic Alertness
Sturm, W., & Willmes, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0839 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., Feng, H., Wang, J., Feng, S., Lu, Q., Hu, B., Lin, Y., Li, J., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904031106 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011) · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation
Fernandez‐Duque, D., Baird, J. A., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0447 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011 · Cited by 674 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both researchers studying mindfulness and psychologists exploring curiosity associate these two phenomena (Bishop et al., 2004; Kashdan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGrossman, P. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022713 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
The frontal lobes are necessary for `theory of mind'
Stuss, D. T. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.2.279 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5404 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Handbook of Research Methods. in Social and Personality Psychology
Lai, H. L. T. (2000) · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Exploring self compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1305 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Mindfulness and mind-wandering: finding convergence through opposing constructs
Mrazek, M. D., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026678 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., & Earleywine, M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Ramel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.148 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
The mind's best trick: how we experience conscious will
Wegner, D. M. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00002-0 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Metacognition and consciousness
Koriat, A. (2007) · The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.012 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. T. (2011) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564841 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Hölzel, B. K., Ott, U., Hempel, H., Hackl, A., Wolf, K., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.074 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program.
Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., L. B. Lykins, E., & Olendzki, N. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20579 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Short-term meditation induces white matter changes in the anterior cingulate
Tang, Y.-Y., Lu, Q., Geng, X., Stein, E. A., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011043107 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033 · Cited by 498 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Astin, Bishop, and Cordova (2005) and Moore (2008), and several other studies have consistently revealed positive and significant relations between mindfulness and self-compassion (e.g. Baer, Lykins, & Peters, 2012; Hollis-Walker & Colosimo, 2011; van Dam, Sheppard, Forsyth, & Earleywine, 2011).”
ResultRe-representing consciousness: dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness
Schooler, J. W. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01949-6 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Exploring the psychology of interest
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1818 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression
Teasdale, J. D. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00050-9 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
When attention matters: The curious incident of the wandering mind
Smallwood, J., McSpadden, M., & Schooler, J. W. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.6.1144 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20761 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Rumination and executive function in depression: an experimental study
Watkins, E. R. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.3.400 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Asada, H., Fukuda, Y., Tsunoda, S., Yamaguchi, M., & Tonoike, M. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00679-5 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Do Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior?
Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131126 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The integrating self and conscious experience
Hodgins, H. S., & Knee, C. R. (2002) · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Mechanisms of mindfulness: a buddhist psychological model
Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Metacognition in Action: The Importance of Implementation Intentions
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Schaal, B. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0202_5 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Cortical thickness and pain sensitivity in zen meditators.
Grant, J. A., Courtemanche, J., Duerden, E. G., Duncan, G. H., & Rainville, P. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018334 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
The role of the prefrontal cortex in dynamic filtering
Shimamura, A. P. (2000) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331979 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L. B., & Peters, J. R. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.674548 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Control Processes and Self-Organization as Complementary Principles Underlying Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0604_05 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Kubota, Y., Sato, W., Toichi, M., Murai, T., Okada, T., Hayashi, A., & Sengoku, A. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00086-0 · Cited by 369 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, an increased frontal midline theta rhythm, which presumably reflects ACC and medial prefrontal cortex activity (Asada, Fukuda, Tsunoda, Yamaguchi, & Tonoike, 1999), was found during meditation (Aftanas & Golocheikine, 2002; Kubota et al., 2001).”
BackgroundToward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition
Shimamura, A. P. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0450 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control
Anderson, N. D., Lau, M. A., Segal, Z. V., & Bishop, S. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.544 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
(2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.001 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Impact of meditation training on the default mode network during a restful state
Taylor, V. A., Daneault, V., Grant, J., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., Courtemanche, J., Lavarenne, A. S., Marrelec, G., Benali, H., et al. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr087 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Mindfulness training affects attention—Or is it attentional effort?
Jensen, C. G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0024931 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers
Westbrook, C., Creswell, J. D., Tabibnia, G., Julson, E., Kober, H., & Tindle, H. A. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr076 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Do Specific Attention Deficits Need Specific Training?
Sturm, W., Willmes, K., Orgass, B., & Hartje, W. (1997) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/713755526 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Dispositional mindfulness and the attenuation of neural responses to emotional stimuli
Brown, K. W., Goodman, R. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss004 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Relating the mechanisms of orienting and alerting
Fernandez‐Duque, D., & Posner, M. I. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00103-0 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Social Metacognition: An Expansionist Review
Jost, J. T., Kruglanski, A. W., & Nelson, T. O. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0202_6 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Niemiec, C. P., Brown, K. W., Kashdan, T. B., Cozzolino, P. J., Breen, W. E., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Ryan, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019388 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Siegel, D. J. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm034 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Metamemory Experiments in Neurological Populations: A Review
Pannu, J. K., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2005) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-005-7091-6 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Decentring and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression
WATKINS, E., TEASDALE, J. D., & WILLIAMS, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002263 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction
Dickenson, J., Berkman, E. T., Arch, J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss030 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Non-linear dynamic complexity of the human EEG during meditation
Aftanas, L. I., & Golocheikine, S. A. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00745-0 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The role of metacognitive experiences in the learning process.
Efklides, A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Psychological and neural mechanisms of trait mindfulness in reducing depression vulnerability
Paul, N. A., Stanton, S. J., Greeson, J. M., Smoski, M. J., & Wang, L. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss070 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Levesque, C., & Brown, K. W. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9075-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The verbal overshadowing effect: Why descriptions impair face recognition
Dodson, C. S., Johnson, M. K., & Schooler, J. W. (1997) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201107 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures.
Turner, S. A., & Silvia, P. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.670 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The neural substrates of mindfulness: An fMRI investigation
Ives-Deliperi, V. L., Solms, M., & Meintjes, E. M. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.513495 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T., Höfer, S., & Schüssler, G. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.013 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Social Foundations of the Capacity for Mindfulness: An Attachment Perspective
Shaver, P. R., Lavy, S., Saron, C. D., & Mikulincer, M. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598389 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The self in self-conscious emotions: A cognitive appraisal approach.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007) · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research
Efklides, A., & Misailidi, P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale
Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.185 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
GAD, Metacognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis
Wells, A. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/9.1.95 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
GAD, Metacognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis
Adrian Wells, A. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.95 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism–outcome relations: A self-regulation perspective
Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., & Ode, S. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.08.009 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
Brown, J. W. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31816edb82 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Curious?: Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life
Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Blackledge, J. T. (2007) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395595 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Role of Intention in Self-Regulation
Shapiro, S. L., & SCHWARTZ, G. E. R. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50037-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A cognitive perspective on mindfulness
Holas, P., & Jankowski, T. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.658056 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationHerzberg, K. N., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., Credé, M., Earleywine, M., & Eifert, G. H. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0027782 · Cited by 113 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…(Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001), cognitive fusion means ‘‘the tendency to buy into the literal meaning of thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations’’ (Herzberg et al., 2012) which means the lack of an ability to recognize the difference between the content of thoughts and reality itself.”
BackgroundResultBrown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Loverich, T. M., Biegel, G. M., & West, A. M. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025781 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., Mele, A. R., & Vohs, K. D. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389760.001.0001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Förster, J., Marguc, J., & Gillebaart, M. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00289.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Reducing Stereotyping Through Mindfulness: Effects on Automatic Stereotype-Activated Behaviors
Djikic, M., Langer, E. J., & Stapleton, S. F. (2008) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-008-9040-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Moore, P. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9134-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Metacognitive Experiences: The Missing Link in the Self-Regulated Learning Process
Efklides, A. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9021-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Measurement of Metacognitive Knowledge of Self, Task, and Strategies in Mathematics
Efklides, A., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000145 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Conscious and Unconscious Metacognition: A Rejoinder
Koriat, A., & Nussinson, R. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0436 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
6 Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems
Bargh, J. A., & Morsella, E. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0006 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment
Blo-bzaṅ-grags-pa, T.-K.-P., Cutler, J. W. C., & Newland, G. M. (2000) · Snow Lion Publications eBooks · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Attention Systems of the Human Brain
Bartolomeo, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5649-9_1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Radel, R., Sarrazin, P., Legrain, P., & Gobancé, L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mediators of the Link between Adult Attachment and Mindfulness
Caldwell, J. G., & Shaver, P. R. (2013) · Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v7i2.133 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Unconscious Feeling of Knowing: A Commentary on Koriat's Paper
Spehn, M. K., & Reder, L. M. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0435 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Splitting consciousness: Unconscious, conscious, and metaconscious processes in social cognition
Winkielman, P., & Schooler, J. W. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.576580 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment
Tsongkhapa, J. (2000) · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Detached mindfulness and worry: a meta-cognitive analysis
Sugiura, Y. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
What is this thing called subjective experience? Reflections on the neuropsychology of qualia.
Buck, R. W. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.7.4.490 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Designing the future of positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward
Marshall, S. K., Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2011) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Promotion and prevention systems: Regulatory focus dynamics within self-regulatory hierarchies
Scholer, A. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2011) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mindfulness, by any other name...: trials and tribulations of sati in Western psychology and science
Williams, J., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315874586-22 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impact of two sessions of mindfulness training on attention
Polak, E. L. (2009) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Barner, D., Li, P., & Snedeker, J. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410370294 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Free Will and Consciousness: How Might They Work? (New York: OUP, 2010)
Mele, A., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2010) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Experiential Processing and the Integration of Bright and Dark Sides of the Human Psyche
Brown, K. W., & Holt, M. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Attentional Control
Groark, S., Lewis, T., Reineri, C., Crespo, N., O'Dell, C., Hagley, H., & Eckert, B. (2015) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Decentering and Related Constructs: A Critical Review and Metacognitive Processes Model
Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615594577 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
“As meta-awareness is an integral component of mindfulness (Carmody, 2009; Holas & Jankowski, 2013; Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012), these mindfulness-decentering studies are well-suited to begin to test the relations we theorize between meta-awareness and disidentification from…”
BackgroundLehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th edition)
Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008) · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Parmentier, F. B. R., García-Toro, M., García-Campayo, J., Yañez, A. M., Andrés, P., & Gili, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00506 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Decentering and metacognition have recently been argued to be substantial pillars of mindfulness (Shapiro et al., 2006; Jankowski and Holas, 2014; Norman, 2017) and are implicitly referred to in Kabat-Zinn (2003) definition of mindfulness as a state of consciousness that results from being aware of continuous changes…”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Dorjee, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01788 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Studies on changes in introspective metacognition (e.g., Teasdale et al., 2002; Jankowski and Holas, 2014) and conceptual processing with meditation (e.”
Wherever you go, there you become: How mindfulness arises in everyday situations
Reina, C. S., & Kudesia, R. S. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.11.008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mindful meta-awareness: sustained and non-propositional.
Dunne, J. D., Thompson, E., & Schooler, J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Moral Reasoning and Responsibility: Towards Virtue in Ethical Decision-Making
Small, C., & Lew, C. C. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04272-y · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial alertness: a systematic literature review
Chavoushi, Z. H., Zali, M. R., Valliere, D., Faghih, N., Hejazi, R., & Dehkordi, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2020.1764736 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Low intrinsic alertness is associated with an attentional state characterized by general neglectfulness (Matthias et al. 2009) and, while phasic alertness can be regulated by conscious intention, intrinsic alertness is only subconsciously influenced by general mindfulness (Jankowski and Holas 2014).”
BackgroundMetacognitive processes model of decentering: emerging methods and insights
Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., & Fresco, D. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.019 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Notably, meta-awareness is fundamental to mindful awareness [12,14,15].”
BackgroundVirtues, ecological momentary assessment/intervention and smartphone technology
Runyan, J., & Steinke, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00481 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“It is theorized that mindfulness promotes positive change by promoting awareness of one’s immediate experiences and states from a somewhat detached state, which may, in turn, promote self-awareness and self-regulation (Shapiro et al., 2006; Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundLearning to BREATHE: A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Support Marginalized Youth
Eva, A. L., & Thayer, N. M. (2017) · Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2156587217696928 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“addresses metacognitive knowledge, experiences, and skills.(51) Further educational research directly linking mindfulness-based interventions with increased metacognitive awareness, improved behavioral outcomes, and enhanced academic performance would be very beneficial to the field.”
BackgroundCapobianco, L., Reeves, D., Morrison, A. P., & Adrian Wells, A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.045 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mindfulness buffers the impact of COVID-19 outbreak information on sleep duration.
Zheng, M. X., Yao, J., & Narayanan, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wuh94 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Mindfulness can specifically mitigate the metacognitive arousal by shifting the negative metacognitive process to a more adaptive stance, in which individuals simply observe and accept their primary thoughts without judgments (Ong et al., 2012; Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Mindful Self: A Mindfulness-Enlightened Self-view
Xiao, Q., Yue, C., He, W., & Yu, J.-Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01752 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“That is, a mindful person no longer treats the content of experience as objective facts and as a direct read-out of reality (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialDynamic functional connectivity markers of objective trait mindfulness
Lim, J., Teng, J., Patanaik, A., Tandi, J., & Massar, S. A. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.056 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Moreover, trait mindfulness is strongly associated with meta-awareness, or the objective, higher-level awareness of the flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
A balanced view of mindfulness at work
Choi, E., Gruman, J. A., & Leonard, C. (2021) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866211036930 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Jankowski and Holas (2014) advanced a metacognitive model of mindfulness which describes how individuals can become meta-aware of not only the contents of consciousness but also metaaware of this meta-awareness.”
BackgroundA Metacognitive Perspective on Mindfulness: An Empirical Investigation
Solem, S., Thunes, S. S., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., & Wells, A. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0081-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“For a detailed theoretical discussion on metacognition in general (not restricted to Wells’ metacognitive model) and mindfulness confer Jankowski and Holas (2014).”
BackgroundMindfulness in politics and public policy
Bristow, J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hanley, A. W., de Vibe, M., Solhaug, I., Farb, N., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Garland, E. L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3035 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Memory: a Review of Findings and a Potential Model
Levi, U., & Rosenstreich, E. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-018-0099-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wimmer, L., Bellingrath, S., & von Stockhausen, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01037 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This age category was selected because at this age children develop self-reflexive and metacognitive abilities which are required for (and benefit from) mindfulness training (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundWells, R. E., Kerr, C., Dossett, M. L., Danhauer, S. C., Sohl, S. J., Sachs, B. C., Feeley, J. W., Wolkin, J., Wall, R., Kaptchuk, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190191 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Several participants even reported enhanced “meta-cognition” (awareness of one’s own mental processes) [35], an interesting finding that demonstrates that adults with MCI can develop such a highly skilled level of self-awareness.”
BackgroundCarmona, C., Elices, M., Soler, J., Domínguez‐Clavé, E., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., Salvador, R. M., & Pascual, J. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1071-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Workplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation
Zheng, X., Ni, D., Liu, X., & Liang, L. H. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09814-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Acceptance is considered a key metacognitive skill because it allows employees to witness an experience without becoming entirely immersed in it (Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundMindfulness and Coaching to Improve Learning Abilities in University Students: A Pilot Study
Corti, L., & Gelati, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17061935 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perini, F., Wong, K. F., Lin, J., Hassirim, Z., Ong, J. L., Lo, J. C.-Y., Ong, J. C., Doshi, K., & Lim, J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002476 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Mindfulness is thought to enhance meta-awareness (Jankowski & Holas, 2014), which in turn allows for more flexible and adaptive responses to anxious or ruminative thoughts around sleep (Ong, Ulmer, & Manber, 2012).”
BackgroundA Dual-Process Perspective on Mindfulness, Memory, and Consciousness
Rosenstreich, E., & Ruderman, L. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0627-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wong, K. F., Teng, J., Chee, M. W. L., Doshi, K., & Lim, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00080 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Furthermore, heightened mindfulness cultivates higher levels of meta-awareness over time (Jankowski and Holas, 2014), which should in turn also lead to enhancements in sustained attention.”
BackgroundSchmidt, C., & Vinet, E. V. (2015) · Terapia Psicologica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082015000200004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chan, H.-L., Lo, L., Lin, M., & Thompson, N. S. (2015) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2015.4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Meta-Learning: A Nine-Layer Model Based on Metacognition and Smart Technologies
Drigas, A. S., Mitsea, E., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021668 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Nezlek, J. B., Holas, P., Rusanowska, M., & Krejtz, I. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.031 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…2004; Shapiro, Carlson, Austin, & Freedman, 2006) include other components than attention, such as awareness, intention, and/or acceptance, most definitions of mindfulness involve sustained consciousness/awareness of external events and internal experiences as they occur (Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundMetacognition and Mindfulness: the Role of Fringe Consciousness
Norman, E. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0494-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Even though Jankowski and Holas (2014) briefly discussed fringe consciousness as a metacognitive phenomenon, they did not specifically address how it may be involved in mindfulness.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeta-Cognition in Mindfulness: A Conceptual Analysis
Hussain, D. (2015) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v8i2.139 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“According to Jankowski and Holas (2014), increased alertness specifically intrinsic alertness is regulated intentionally by self-directed instructions (such as I am going to remain alert and pay attention to my thoughts).”
BackgroundWhy Metacognition Is Not Always Helpful
Norman, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01537 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Mindfulness can be seen as a form of metacognition (Shapiro et al., 2006; Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundBóo, S. J. M., Childs‐Fegredo, J., Cooney, S., Datta, B., Dufour, G., Jones, P. B., & Galante, J. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12282 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A network approach to the five-facet model of mindfulness
Heeren, A., Lannoy, S., Coussement, C., Hoebeke, Y., Verschuren, A., Blanchard, M. A., Chakroun-Baggioni, N., Philippot, P., & Gierski, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94151-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A pilot study of mindfulness-based relapse prevention for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder
Holas, P., Draps, M., Kowalewska, E., Lewczuk, K., & Gola, M. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00075 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMetacognition of intentions in mindfulness and hypnosis
Lush, P., Naish, P., & Dienes, Z. (2016) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niw007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Mindfulness meditation is thus intrinsically an exercise in the (metacognitive) control and monitoring of mental processes (Bishopet al., 2004; Gethin, 2015; Jankowski and Holas, 2014; Teasdale, 1999).”
BackgroundNayda, D. M., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.053 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Didonna, F., Rossi, R., Ferrari, C., Iani, L., Pedrini, L., Rossi, N., Xodo, E., & Lanfredi, M. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12180 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-caught methodologies for measuring mind wandering with meta-awareness: A systematic review
Chu, M. T., Marks, E. M., Smith, C. L., & Chadwick, P. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103463 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The mindful leader: a review of leadership qualities derived from mindfulness meditation
Doornich, J. B., & Lynch, H. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322507 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…to choose interpretations and responses from a broader repertoire (Moore and Malinowski, 2009; Brendel et al., 2016; Decuypere et al., 2018), and to develop new, more sophisticated beliefs about leadership (Shapiro et al., 2006; Jankowski and Holas, 2014; Verdorfer, 2016; Stedham and Skaar, 2019).”
BackgroundEffects of Brief Mindfulness Meditation on Attention Switching
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01314-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMetacognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between mind wandering and negative affect
Carciofo, R., Song, N., Du, F., Wang, M., & Zhang, K. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.033 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jankowski, T., & Bąk, W. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.034 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationAçıkgöz, A., & Latham, G. P. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.074 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Su, M. R., & Shum, K. K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01455 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Recent research has highlighted the intricate relation between mindfulness and metacognition (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundKelly, L., & Dorian, M. (2017) · New England journal of entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/neje-20-02-2017-b002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“With the increased metacognition that comes from mindfulness, ideas can be considered with less emotional bias clouding the decision-making process (Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundEmbrace the Moment Using Social Media: A Cross-Cultural Study of Mindful Use of Social Media
Shabahang, R., Zsila, Á., Aruguete, M. S., Huynh, H. P., & Orosz, G. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02271-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…psychology of mindfulness (Baer et al., 2006; Bergomi et al., 2013; Bishop et al., 2004; Commons & Adhikari, 2016; Dimidjian & Linehan, 2003, 2008; Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Leary & Tate, 2007; Rogge & Daks, 2020; Shapiro et al., 2006; Stein & Witkiewitz, 2020; Sternberg, 2000; Walach et al.,…”
Metacognition, Mindfulness Attention Awareness, and Their Relationships with Depression and Anxiety
Aldahadha, B. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00367-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint4040031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Poletti, S., Abdoun, O., Zorn, J. V., & Antoine Lutz, A. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1774 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Contemplative neuroaesthetics and architecture: A sensorimotor exploration
Djebbara, Z., King, J. L., Ebadi, A., Nakamura, Y., & Bermúdez, J. (2023) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2023.10.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Short-term mindfulness meditation training improves antecedents of opportunity recognition
Moder, S., Jehle, E., Furtner, M. R., & Kraus, S. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00381 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Balancing One’s Own Time Perspective from Aerial View: Metacognitive Processes in Temporal Framing
Stolarski, M., & Witowska, J. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60191-9_6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Grossenbacher, P. G., & Quaglia, J. T. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0730-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These three processes, each reflecting a distinct role that attention serves in the meditating mind, can function together in various configurations that enable differing forms of coherent metacognition (cf. Jankowski and Holas 2014).”
BackgroundPre-sleep Cognitive Arousal Decreases Following a 4-Week Introductory Mindfulness Course
Hassirim, Z., Lim, E., Lo, J. C.-Y., & Lim, J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01217-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Mindfulness training enhances metacognitive processes (higher-order functions that monitor and assess cognition) (Kok and Singer 2017; Teasdale 1999), which raise the awareness of the contents of conscious experience (Jankowski and Holas 2014).”
BackgroundConscious brain, metacognition and schizophrenia
Bob, P., Pěč, O., Mishara, A. L., Touskova, T. P., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…as a most prominent aspect of meditation increasing self-reflective attentional functions, most likely may be described as a highly integrated state of consciousness (Jankowski and Holas, 2014) related to high neuronal connectivity and integration (Fell et al., 2010; Travis and Shear, 2010).”
BackgroundDang, K., Kirk, M. A., Monette, G., Katz, J., & Ritvo, P. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Developmental changes in mindful awareness during adolescence
Warren, M. T., Wray‐Lake, L., & Shubert, J. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419885023 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…in these capacities is noteworthy, given that formal practices to cultivate mindfulness require meta-awareness to notice when attention is off-task (Jankowski & Holas, 2014), self-regulation to return attention to present experience (Bishop et al., 2004), and, for dispositional mindfulness, the…”
BackgroundVega, D., Torrúbia, R., Marco‐Pallarés, J., Soto, À., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.033 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Opelt, F., & Schwinger, M. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858420949499 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Since mindfulness is likely to be associated with a more intrinsic approach to learning (see also Brown & Ryan, 2003; Jankowski & Holas, 2014) as well as with the need for a deeper cognitive processing (see also Hyland, 2009; Zeidan et al., 2010), more mindful individuals are assumed to choose…”
BackgroundIndividual and organizational antecedents of trait mindfulness
Kalafatoğlu, Y., & Turgut, T. (2018) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766086.2018.1541756 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…achieve mindfulness, Brown and Ryan (2003) claim that certain techniques and interventions can create within-person differences in mindfulness over time but mindfulness can also be naturally occurring, as long as individuals display autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Jankowski and Holas 2014).”
BackgroundMindfulness and compassion training for health professionals: A qualitative study
Brun, C., Akinyemi, A., Houtin, L., Mizzi, C., Cardoso, T., & Isnard Bagnis, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1113453 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Among the meta-cognitive experiences that can impact warmth and self-compassion is an attitude of benevolence and acceptance of current experiences, and seeing one’s experiences as part of the common human experience (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundLin, Y., Gloe, L. M., Louis, C. C., Eckerle, W. D., Fisher, M. E., & Moser, J. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71122-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exploring tranquility: Eastern and Western perspectives
Christoffersen, V. R., Škodlar, B., & Henriksen, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931827 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2004; Coleman and Coleman, 2019), metacognition (e.g., Schraw and Moshman, 1995; Jankowski and Holas, 2014; Dorjee, 2016), and equanimity (e.”
BackgroundAdaptive self-concept as a predictor of dispositional mindfulness
Jankowski, T., Bąk, W., & Miciuk, Ł. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111519 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationLucas‐Thompson, R. G., Thompson, Miller, R. L., Seiter, N. S., Prince, M. A., Crain, T. L., & Shomaker, L. B. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1929982 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Being mindful is a meta-cognitive process that involves monitoring of internal processes, as well as executive functions such as attention allocation and inhibition (Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundSystemizing Entrepreneurial Metacognition: Thinking About the Past and Future
Bastian, B., Hjelle, M., & Shepherd, D. A. (2025) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587251315664 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“4 Mindfulness is increasingly popular in entrepreneurship as it leads to positive emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects (e.g. Murnieks et al., 2019; van Gelderen et al., 2019), but we know relatively less about its relationship with metacognition (Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
Illusory Temporal Binding in Meditators
Lush, P., Parkinson, J., & Dienes, Z. P. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0583-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The sense of agency can be defined as the sense of being in control of one’s goal-directed actions and their outcomes in the world (Gallagher and Zahavi 2008; Haggard and Chambon 2012).”
BackgroundTobias, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12543 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vijayapriya, C., & Tamarana, R. (2023) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2023.694 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Studies in the past have suggested the possible interconnectedness between mindfulness and metacognition (Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Kude-sia, 2019).”
BackgroundMindfulness-based Interventions for Surgeons
Coopersmith, A. S., Shroff, Y. V., Wen, G. A., Berler, M. H., Gonzales, P. A., Ojute, F. M., & Lebares, C. C. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006213 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pheh, K. S., Tan, K., Ibrahim, N., & Sidik, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031257 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several empirical studies have indicated that training on mindfulness may also enhance metacognitive processing, where individuals command the skills needed to intentionally self-monitor and regulate their attention and perception [44,45].”
The role of mindful acceptance and lucid dreaming in nightmare frequency and distress
Tzioridou, S., Dresler, M., Sandberg, K., & Mueller, E. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19624-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Mindful Teacher: Translating Research into Daily Well-being
Eva, A. L., & Thayer, N. M. (2016) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2016.1235953 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Broadly speaking, ongoing mindfulness practice is associated with the metacognitive skill of selfmonitoring (Jankowski and Holas 2014).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Processes Model of Decentering: Emerging Methods and InsightsPreprint
Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., & Fresco, D. M. (2018) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/zkjeb · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Xie, J., Olajuwon-Ige, O., Ranaweera, C., Lee, S. A., & Kumari, V. (2025) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-07-2024-0309 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hindun, I., Nurwidodo, N., & Wicaksono, A. G. C. (2020) · JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) · doi:10.22219/jpbi.v6i1.11097 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“By having metacognitive awareness, students will be more mindful about what they are doing and know why they are doing (Hussain, 2015; Jankowski & Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundBaranski, M. F. S. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00198-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
PE augmented mindfulness: A neurocognitive framework for research and future healthcare
Sars, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.899988 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Researchers describe MA as an advanced degree of neurocognitive functioning and have specifically linked this awareness to the CEN (Shimamura, 2000; Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Tang, J., & Chen, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2025.2475911 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…et al., 2003; Gellis, 2017; Gong et al., 2016; Guo et 2016; Han et al., 2022; Higgins & Thompson, 2002; Higgins et al., 2011; Irwin et al., 2008; Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Jianping, 2013; Li et al., 2004; Michael et al., 2014; Moher et al., 2009; Sabe et al., 2019; Selvanathan et al., 2021; Siu,…”
InfluentialMediavilla, R., Muñoz‐Sanjosé, A., Vega, B. R., Lahera, G., Palao, Á., Bayón, C., Vidal-Villegas, M.-P., Chadwick, P., & Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F. (2021) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000466 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Network Modeling Approach to Mindfulness Mechanisms: a Proof-of-Concept Investigation
Aizik-Reebs, A., Shoham, A., Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01580-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Xuan, B. (2020) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2020/1869459 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“At the neural level, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the brain regions that plays a central role in the topdown control of information processing [83].”
BackgroundRandall, J. G., Hanson, M. D., & Nassrelgrgawi, A. S. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12366 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wang, H., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Tang, S., & Sun, M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, Z., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847229 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“There are discussed to be different levels of metacognition in mindfulness during which individuals consciously establish metacognitive experiences and unconsciously monitor processes (Jankowski and Holas, 2014).”
BackgroundChildren’s metacognition and mindful awareness of breathing and thinking
Satlof‐Bedrick, E., & Johnson, C. N. (2015) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.09.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hong, J., Tsai, C.-R., Fan-Chiang, C., & Hwang, M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kumar, S. (2021) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344620986218 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Having an ability to watch or witness our own self, an ability to detach from the ego, is a higher level of metacognition (Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Shapiro et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe role of metacognition in mindfulness interventions with Japanese EFL university students
Stringer, T., & Looney, K. (2020) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2020.1818806 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“One way of enhancing EFL learner metacognition may be with an MBI such as MM.”
BackgroundSchools, mindfulness, and metacognition: A view from developmental psychology
Shute, R. H. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1435322 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The driver may also experience an immediate moment of fear (an emotion at the object level), but on further reflection this may turn into what Jankowski and Holas (2014) call a metaemotion (another metacognitive experience).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReflective practice enhances osteopathic clinical reasoning
McIntyre, C., Lathlean, J., & Esteves, J. E. (2019) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2019.07.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shaif, N. A. S., Doshi, K., & Lim, J. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13700 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Unlike CBTi, MBTI focusses on metacognition by increasing awareness of the psychophysiological states that are present when experiencing insomnia symptoms and instructing patients on how to adopt a more flexible attitude towards these experiences (Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Ong et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Mindfulness on Cognitive Reflection and Reasoning
Farrar, S. T., Yarrow, K., & Tapper, K. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01429-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Metacognitions and mindfulness in athletes: an investigation on the determinants of flow
Love, S., Kannis-Dymand, L., & Lovell, G. P. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2017-0038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jankowski, T., & Holas, P.
- Affiliations
- John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Jankowski, Tomasz
- ORCID
- Jankowski, Tomasz
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 28
- Pages
- 64-80
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057562708
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- mindfulness, metacognition, metacognitive model, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, metacognitive skills, meta-awareness, awareness, mindfulness training, implicit processing
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
