The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.
Abstract
This article summarizes the conception and diagnosis of the mental health continuum, the findings supporting the two continua model of mental health and illness, and the benefits of flourishing to individuals and society. Completely mentally healthy adults--individuals free of a 12-month mental disorder and flourishing--reported the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day or greater work cutbacks, the healthiest psychosocial functioning (i.e., low helplessness, clear goals in life, high resilience, and high intimacy), the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease, the lowest number of chronic physical diseases with age, the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, and lower health care utilization. However, the prevalence of flourishing is barely 20% in the adult population, indicating the need for a national program on mental health promotion to complement ongoing efforts to prevent and treat mental illness. Findings reveal a Black advantage in mental health as flourishing and no gender disparity in flourishing among Whites.
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In the citing paper
“Increasing evidence demonstrates that mental health or well-being is more than just the absence of mental illness (e.g., Keyes, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Given the findings that subjective, psychological, and social well-being can contribute to a more complete understanding of mental and physical health (Keyes, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Given the increasing evidence that mental health is more than just the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2005, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Often overlooked is the fact that psychological well-being is not the absence of ill-being (Diener 2000; Keyes 2007).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Keyes 2007
In the citing paper
“According to Keyes absence of mental health problems (i.e. languishing) is not similar to good mental health (i.e. flourishing) and mental health should be seen as a continuum”
From Impact of organized activities on mental health in children and adolescents: An umbrella review (2022) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Thus, university teachers felt that their professional activity and the quality of their teaching were affected (e.g., when they established a more distant relationship with students, had less ability to prepare classes or lacked mastery in the use of technological tools), and they felt less involvement and flourishing [41, 42].”
From Boundary violations and university teachers' well-being during mandatory telework: Recovery's role and gender differences (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“it has previously been established that health and mental illness work in a relatively independent manner [153]”
From Well-Being and Romantic Relationships: A Systematic Review in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [153]
In the citing paper
“PPWB is associated with higher psychological functioning, 16 lower incidence of chronic diseases (e.g., gastrointestinal disease, arthritis), 18 lower risk of cardiovascular events, 19 and improved health behaviors such as regular exercise, restful sleep, and a decreased sedentary behavior. 1”
From Positive psychological well-being in women with obesity: A scoping review of qualitative and quantitative primary research (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“studies have shown that after correcting for psychopathology, low levels of positive mental health are associated with more somatic diseases, increased risk of developing a mental disorder, and decreased social and work-related functioning [56].”
In the citing paper
“The original version of the instrument obtained good internal consistency for the full scale (α = 0.74) and between acceptable and good internal consistency for the sub-scales (α = 0.59 and 0.70; Keyes, 2007 ).”
From A latent profile analysis of aggression and prosocial behavior in relation to adolescent wellbeing (2025) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
Citations
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Self-citation
Cited by
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Items 901–1,000 of 1,007
Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma Among U.S. Combat Veterans
Bartholomew, T. T., Badura-Brack, A. S., Leak, G. K., Hearley, A. R., & McDermott, T. J. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000150 · Cited by 12
“Keyes (2007) proposed the complete state model of mental health in which symptoms of distress and positive components of mental health are held in conjunction with T hi s do cu m en t is co py ri gh te d by th e A m er ic an Ps yc ho lo gi ca l A ss oc ia tio n or on e of its al lie d pu bl is…”
BackgroundVincent‐Höper, S., Gregersen, S., & Nienhaus, A. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000249 · Cited by 12
Hojabrian, H., Rezaei, A. M., Bigdeli, I., Najafi, M., & Mohammadifar, M. A. (2018) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.2.129 · Cited by 12
“They regularly experience positive emotions, are distinguished individuals in their daily lives, and constructively interact with their surrounding environments (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundValiente, C., Espinosa, R., Contreras, A., Trucharte, A., Duque, A., Nieto, J., Lozano, B., & Chaves, C. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1627400 · Cited by 13
“Accordingly, Keyes (2007) has proposed a ‘model of the complete state of mental health’, where mental health and mental illness are not merely opposite ends of a continuum but two separate dimensions that should be considered and evaluated separately (Vázquez & Hervás, 2008).”
BackgroundGolińska, P. B., Cieślak, M., Hubert, O., & Bidzan, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115542 · Cited by 12
Naples, L. H., & Tuckwiller, E. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136947 · Cited by 17
“This definition has been regarded as just one factor in the overarching model of SWB representing the traditional hedonic view of mental health, focused specifically on emotional wellbeing [4].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExploring the Relationship between Grit and Flourishing: Are There Gender Differences?
Shariff, M. I. A. B., Sulaiman, W. S. W., & Khairudin, R. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i3/12193 · Cited by 12
“(2015) who found that females showed higher flourishing scores than males, and there were also studies that found males have higher levels of flourishing than females (Keyes 2007; Keyes et al., 2002).”
ResultPersonality traits and mental health care utilization: Longitudinal findings from the MIDUS
Goktan, A. J., Weston, S. J., Luo, J., Graham, E., & Mroczek, D. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104260 · Cited by 10
“A majority of Americans do not have a diagnosable mental disorder, but a minority of these individuals are truly mentally healthy and flourishing (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundOh, H. Y. (2022) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2022.2155502 · Cited by 16
“Mental health research and mental health services largely tend to focus symptoms, disorders, and impairments (Keyes, 2002, 2007; Levin, 2021).”
BackgroundZhu, X., Gao, M., Cheng, X., & Zhao, W. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017790 · Cited by 12
Li, C. Y. K., Leung, L. C. J., Ng, M. K., Leung, W. Y. C., Yeung, T. C., Cheng, C. H. A., Tieben, H., & Kwan, M. (2023) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2023.100153 · Cited by 12
Traducción al español y propiedades psicométricas del instrumento Positivity Self Test
Guzmán, L. G. C., & Berenzon, S. (2013) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v21i1.166 · Cited by 14
Stakeholder Consultation as Social Mobilization: Framing Scottish Mental Health Policy
Sturdy, S., Smith‐Merry, J., & Freeman, R. (2012) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00848.x · Cited by 12
“Indeed, according to Keyes (2007), it is possible to suffer from “mental illness” while still enjoying good “mental wellbeing”, and vice versa.”
BackgroundOrganisationally relevant variables and Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale: An exploratory study
Strümpfer, D. J. W., Hardy, A., de Villiers, J. S., & Rigby, S. (2009) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v35i1.763 · Cited by 12
“(Keyes, 2007, p. 100) This group was, furthermore, characterised by the lowest level of perceived helplessness, the highest level of functional goals, the highest level of self-reported resilience and the highest level of intimacy.”
BackgroundMostafa, A. (2017) · Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-07-2016-0015 · Cited by 14
Improving Mental Health Outcomes Assessment with the Mental Health Inventory‐21
Hennessy, M., Patrick, J. C., & Swinbourne, A. L. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12330 · Cited by 12
“We have chosen the term emotional well-being, as it is more reflective of current theoretical conceptualisations of emotional well-being (Keyes, 2007), and reflects the actual item content of the scale.”
BackgroundJiang, N., & Lü, N. (2018) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2018.1470589 · Cited by 12
“Based on the two continua model (Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007; Keyes & Westerhof, 2012; Keyes et al., 2008; Westerhof & Keyes, 2010), we created a dichotomous variable for mental illness to identify participants who had an episode of mental illness.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExploring Well-Being among Mental Health Professionals in India
Aggarwal, P., & Sriram, S. (2018) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-018-0470-x · Cited by 12
Introducing ‘holistic psychology’ for life qualities: A theoretical model for consideration
Phan, H. P., Ngu, B. H., & White, M. O. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05843 · Cited by 17
“Simply, according to Keyes (2007), “the absence of mental illness is the presence of mental health” (p. 5).”
BackgroundDuan, S., Exter, M., Newby, T. J., & Fa, B. (2021) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-021-00120-y · Cited by 13
“However, only 20% of adults achieve this status (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundFino, E., Mema, D., & Treska, V. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020247 · Cited by 14
“This fits with the dual-factor model of mental health, acknowledging positive and negative dimensions as separate, while correlated amongst them [26].”
BackgroundMohangi, K. (2009) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 12
Wilkie, L., Fisher, Z., Geidel, A., Goodall, I., Kamil, S., Wyn-Davies, E., & Kemp, A. H. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02369-1 · Cited by 18
“We acknowledge the general population may however span individuals who are flourishing, languishing or experiencing subclinical symptoms or psychological distress 48 .”
The Contribution of Positive Self-Schemas to University Students’ Distress and Well-being
O’Byrne, R., Cherry, K. M., Collaton, J., & Lumley, M. N. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00083-6 · Cited by 12
“…psychology; Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2014) that mental health and mental illness exist on separate continua, such that the presence of mental health cannot be inferred from the absence of mental illness (Keyes 2002, 2007; Moore et al. 2019; Pawelski 2016a, b; Westerhof and Keyes 2010).”
BackgroundJefferies, P., Fritz, J., Deighton, J., & Ungar, M. T. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01038-z · Cited by 11
Ross, D., Couche, M., Connolly, J. F., & Bennett, B. (2023) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2023.2195521 · Cited by 15
“Wellbeing then could be thought of as an umbrella term to describe a life of fulfillment, optimistic affect, thriving and resilience (Diener & Chan, 2011) and flourishing as a complete state of mental health (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundWatkins, E. R., Warren, F. C., Newbold, A., Hulme, C., Cranston, T., Aas, B., Bear, H., Botella, C., Burkhardt, F., Ehring, T., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00149-3 · Cited by 12
Wang, C., Hong, F., & Hsu, T. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23395 · Cited by 11
Assessing well-being in clinical research and treatment
Goodman, F. R. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00381-4 · Cited by 11
Trauma, culture, and resiliency
Bell, C. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.014 · Cited by 11
Cherry, K. M., & Lumley, M. N. (2019) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-019-00018-3 · Cited by 13
“Conveying more holistic models of child and adolescent well-being may dispel the assumption that mental health is merely the absence of psychopathology (Keyes 2002, 2006, 2007; Pawelski 2016).”
BackgroundShigemoto, Y., & Robitschek, C. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2935 · Cited by 13
Upenieks, L., Andersson, M. A., & Schafer, M. H. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00363-8 · Cited by 11
“Since then, the concept of flourishing has received growing scientific interest (Keyes 2007; VanderWeele 2017; du Plooy et al.”
BackgroundRedmond, M. L., Buhrmann, A. S., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1922451 · Cited by 11
“In comparison to non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans, Asian or Pacific Islander and Hispanic individuals have a lower prevalence of AD, and Native Americans have a higher prevalence (Grant et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPsychometric evaluation of the Positive Mental Health (PMH) scale using item response theory
Vaganian, L., Boecker, M., Bussmann, S., Kusch, M., Labouvie, H., Margraf, J., Gerlach, A. L., & Cwik, J. C. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04162-0 · Cited by 11
“To this end, a scale has been developed that combines the hedonic and the eudaemonic aspect of mental health [5] and aims to assess positive mental health with a brief, person-centered and unidimensional questionnaire [4].”
MethodThe Effect of Psychological Distress on Measurement Invariance in Measures of Mental Wellbeing
Iasiello, M. P., Muir‐Cochrane, E., van Agteren, J. E., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610072 · Cited by 11
Munroe, M. (2022) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v12i2.1917 · Cited by 17
Learning from adversity: What the COVID ‐19 pandemic can teach us about family resiliency
Brock, R. L., Calkins, F. C., Hamburger, E., Kumar, S. A., Laifer, L. M., Phillips, E. M., & Ramsdell, E. L. (2022) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12849 · Cited by 14
Ramirez-Duran, D., Stokes, H., & Kern, M. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1018620 · Cited by 13
“While the relevance of social connections, high quality connections and social support is well documented in the positive psychology literature and included in many wellbeing models (e.g., Ryff, 1989; Keyes, 2007), other features included in this dimension might provide an alternate view.”
BackgroundMental Health among Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Investigation
Măirean, C., Zancu, S. A., Diaconu‐Gherasim, L. R., & Brumariu, L. E. (2023) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2023.2169230 · Cited by 11
“According to Keyes (2002, 2007) two continuous model of mental health, global mental health is better understood when both pathological manifestations and positive mental health are considered.”
BackgroundThe role of humor in social, psychological, and physical well-being
Oliveira, R., Arriaga, P., & Barreiros, J. (2023) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2022-0072 · Cited by 20
Implementing Mental Health Promoting Schools
Clarke, A. M., & Barry, M. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9171-7_15 · Cited by 11
Perstling, M., & Rothmann, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2012.10874515 · Cited by 14
“This in turn leads to personal growth and authentic lifestyle, resulting in greater wellbeing (Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001; Keyes, 2007; Wills, 2009).”
BackgroundDeterminants of positive mental health: a path model
Ganga, N. S., Kutty, V. R., & Thomas, I. (2014) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-05-2013-0018 · Cited by 11
The Meaning of Coping for Psychiatric Patients
Ryan, J., Rapley, M., & Dziurawiec, S. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314541011 · Cited by 11
“…the deficit focus of much of the psychological literature (cf. Rose, 1989), more recently, some researchers (e.g., Iwanaga, Yokoyama, & Seiwa, 2004; Keyes, 2007) have proposed that coping is better understood as a positive concept and have focused on the use of adaptive strategies, building on an…”
BackgroundZanjani, F. A. K., Downer, B. G., Hosier, A. F., & Watkins, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314551170 · Cited by 11
“The Mental Health Continuum (MHC; Keyes, 2002, 2007) was used to measure emotional well-being (continuous format, higher scores indicate greater well-being).”
MethodWhat are people saying when they report they are happy or life satisfied
Baptista, A., Camilo, C., Santos, I. F., Brites, J. D. A., Rosa, J. B., & Fernández-Abascal, E. G. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.32.3.229121 · Cited by 18
“This integration between the two models is referred as flourishing (Keyes 2007; Henderson, & Knight, 2012; Huppert, & So, 2009).”
BackgroundCwik, J. C., Vaganian, L., Bussmann, S., Labouvie, H., Houwaart, S., Gerlach, A. L., & Kusch, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000046 · Cited by 11
Developing flourishing among employees in the college sport workplace
Schuetz, L., Paek, B., Oja, B. D., & Kim, M. (2021) · Sport Business and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/sbm-09-2020-0096 · Cited by 12
Wash, A., Vogel, S., Tabe, S., Crouch, M., Woodruff, A. L., & Duhon, B. (2021) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.032 · Cited by 11
An Exploration of Families' Psychosocial Well-Being in a South African Context
Koen, V., van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2012.10820539 · Cited by 11
“The model of optimal mental health by Keyes (2004, 2007) includes all these aspects of human well-being and postulates that psychological-, emotional- and social well-being contribute in equal ways to the mental health of people.”
BackgroundEmploying affection in elderly healthcare serious games interventions
Styliadis, C., Konstantinidis, E. I., Billis, A. S., & Bamidis, P. D. (2014) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/2674396.2674456 · Cited by 11
“Health promotion is particularly crucial for prolonged independent living and mental fitness preservation among elderly individuals [1].”
BackgroundClausen, T., Burr, H., & Borg, V. (2014) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22313 · Cited by 11
Donovan, R. J., & Anwar‐McHenry, J. (2015) · Applying quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19869-9_11 · Cited by 11
Garg, P., Rastogi, R., & Kataria, A. (2013) · Jindal Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1177/2278682115593439 · Cited by 11
“…psychological and physical problems, better relationships, are more productive at work, miss fewer days of work, and have reduced tendency to exhibit counterproductive behaviors (Keyes, 2005, 2007; Keyes, Dhingra, & Simoes, 2010; Keyes et al., 2012; Keyes & Grzywacz, 2005; Keyes & Simoes, 2012).”
BackgroundKelley, T. M., Pransky, J. B., & Lambert, E. G. (2016) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2015.1087361 · Cited by 11
Harry, N. (2017) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1347758 · Cited by 11
Psychosocial Health: Disparities Between Urban and Rural Communities
Wissing, M. P., Temane, Q. M., Khumalo, I. P., Kruger, A., & Vorster, H. H. (2013) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6368-5_20 · Cited by 11
Measurement of mental health in substance use disorder outpatients
Alterman, A. I., Cacciola, J. S., Dugosh, K. L., Ivey, M. A., & Coviello, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.07.002 · Cited by 11
“Keyes (2005, 2007, 2009) has argued that MH is a distinctive dimension from mental illness (MI) and in a confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of MH and MI (Keyes, 2005) measures found them to be relatively independent dimensions.”
Building engagement and healthy organisations
Christensen, M., Aronsson, G., Borg, V., Clausen, T., Guthenberg, J., Hakanen, J., Lundberg, U., & Straume, L. V. (2012) · doi:10.6027/tn2012-549 · Cited by 11
“…and work context are considered purposeful and significant (Pratt & Ashforth, 2003), thereby affirming central aspects of individual identity and satisfying basic psychological needs, such as self-acceptance, autonomy, and purpose in life (Baumeister & Vohs, 2005; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundHill, T. G., Coughlan, E. C., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2023) · International Journal of Personality Psychology · doi:10.21827/ijpp.9.39811 · Cited by 12
“…order of the questionnaires was administered as follows: Modified BPN Satisfaction Scale (Hadden & Smith, 2019), Mental Health Continuum Short-Form (Keyes, 2007), Passion scale (Sigmundsson et al., 2020), Zest for Life (George et al., 2016), Life Engagement Test (Scheier et al., 2006), and…”
MethodInfluentialPsychosocial correlates of flourishing in the late lifespan
Fastame, M. C., Manca, C., Mulas, I., & Ruiu, M. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02703-z · Cited by 12
“Besides, as highlighted by Keys [12], flourishing is a condition of mental health that does not merely imply the absence of disabilities or illnesses but rather the construct encompasses emotional well-being (e.g., happiness, interest in life), psychological well-being (i.e., self-acceptance,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPeethambaran, M., & Naim, M. F. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-12-2023-4123 · Cited by 10
Gong, K., Wang, C., & Yin, J. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14092854 · Cited by 13
“Psychological well-being (PWB) includes personal growth, purpose in life, and autonomy [62,63].”
Russo, A., Mansouri, M., Santisi, G., & Zammitti, A. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2024-4834 · Cited by 17
Izydorczyk, B., Gruszka, A., Kałwak, W., Wendołowska, A. M., Węziak‐Białowolska, D., Czyżowska, D., Bonarska, K., Bańbura, A., Opoczyńska-Morasiewicz, M., & Sitnik‐Warchulska, K. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-024-03498-2 · Cited by 17
“However, cultural factors must be considered in future analyses to understand these gendered patterns more fully (Keyes, 2007; Waigel & Lemos, 2023).”
Gaffaney, J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1548612 · Cited by 10
“This perspective aligns with Keyes’ (2007) Dual Continua Model, where mental health and mental illness are separate dimensions that can intersect, allowing for the coexistence of flourishing in both mentally healthy and mentally ill individuals.”
Bradshaw, M., Kent, B. V., Levin, J., Wortham, J. S., Pertel, N. L., VanderWeele, T. J., & Johnson, B. R. (2025) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-025-00141-1 · Cited by 10
A Brief Measure of Psychological Health and Well-Being
Haggerty, G., Kahoud, D., Walsh, E., Forlenza, N., Ahmed, Z., & Ditkowsky, K. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182848a01 · Cited by 10
“Although this is important, Keyes (2002, 2007) states that the polar opposite of psychological distress is not the absence of such but psychological health and well-being.”
BackgroundResilience and Career Counseling: Describing the Utility of Quadrant Mapping
Ebersöhn, L. (2010) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2010.10820390 · Cited by 10
“Similarly, many studies have indicated the need to understand better the assessment of resilience relevant to counseling (Keyes, 2007; Lopez et al., 2006; Smith, 2006).”
BackgroundLeach, C. J. C., Green, L. S., & Grant, A. M. (2011) · International journal of evidence based coaching and mentoring · doi:10.1177/174183051100900105 · Cited by 11
“Research has suggested that only approximately 20% of the population can be classified as flourishing (Keyes, 2007; Huppert and So, 2009) while 55% are in moderate mental health, with 15% being understood as ‘languishing’ - defined as a ‘hollow’ or ‘empty’ state somewhat devoid of positive emotion…”
BackgroundIn search of positive mental health: Personality profiles and genetic polymorphisms
Nestor, P. G., Hasler, V. C., O’Donovan, K., Lapp, H. E., Boodai, S. B., & Hunter, R. G. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2996 · Cited by 12
Bauer, G. F., & Jenny, G. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6470-5_1 · Cited by 10
Life Quality in Care Homes: Chinese and Danish Older Adults’ Perspectives
Ren, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02921-6 · Cited by 6
“Hence, psychologists have depicted the good life as an optimal functioning in its zenith by uniting the above mentioned two approaches (Keyes, 2007; Park & Peterson, 2009; Seligman, 2011).”
BackgroundTsoi, E. W. S., Mak, W. W. S., Ho, C. Y. Y., & Yeung, G. T. Y. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/35057 · Cited by 12
“In addition to mental ill-health, whether the general population is flourishing is also an important concern, as it impacts the extent to which individuals can attain complete mental health [5].”
Exploring the Association between Welfare State and Mental Wellbeing in Europe: Does Age Matter?
Kalseth, J., Donisi, V., Miret, M., Forsman, A. K., & Cresswell‐Smith, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710985 · Cited by 10
“MWB is associated with good psychosocial functioning, better physical health, lower health care utilization, less work absenteeism [8], and has been described as a determinant of healthy ageing [2,9].”
BackgroundMak, W. W. S., Ng, S. M., & Leung, F. H. T. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/38504 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, based on the 2 continua model of mental health [35,36], the TourHeart+ platform targets working adults in Hong Kong who would like to take care of their mental well-being regardless of absence or presence of psychological distress.”
MethodPsychosocial Well-Being of Families in a South African Context: A Prospective Multifactorial Model
Koen, V., van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S. (2013) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2013.10820645 · Cited by 10
“Family psychosocial well-being encompasses psychological, emotional and social components Keyes (2004, 2007).”
BackgroundJaotombo, F., & Brasseur, M. (2013) · GRH · doi:10.3917/grh.133.0067 · Cited by 11
Asian martial arts and resiliency
Bell, C. C. (2008) · Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/17570980200800016 · Cited by 10
Determinants of Psychological Well-being and Its Impact on Mental Health
Bandyopadhyay, G. (2017) · India studies in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6104-2_5 · Cited by 14
Camacho, K. S., Page, A. C., & Hooke, G. R. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1845414 · Cited by 10
Nurse-Patient Interaction: A Vital Salutogenic Resource in Nursing Home Care
Haugan, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_10 · Cited by 10
Macfarlane, J. (2021) · British Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjmh.2021.0006 · Cited by 11
Kazak, Z., Lochbaum, M. R., & Canpolat, A. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13137450 · Cited by 13
“Only 20% of adults fit the criteria for flourishing in life [9].”
BackgroundFlorecimiento y salud mental óptima en tiempos de COVID-19
Estrada, A. R. B. (2021) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v29i1.244 · Cited by 17
Wang, Z., Yingfei, L., Jinyao, Z., Liu, X., Hong-yan, D., & Lei, Z. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221101036 · Cited by 20
“Social capital may be related to positive mental states, such as work engagement, because high levels of social capital may increase employees’ engagement, thus leading to the development of positive relationships among coworkers and positive mental health (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundL'uso di Internet e il benessere psicosociale in adolescenza: uno studio correlazionale
Caso, D. (2015) · PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE · doi:10.3280/pds2015-002008 · Cited by 10
Vella, K., & Johnson, D. M. (2012) · Australasian Conference On Interactive Entertainment · doi:10.1145/2336727.2336746 · Cited by 10
“A key tenet of wellbeing is that the absence of mental illness does not equate to the presence of mental health and wellbeing [3].”
BackgroundExploring Women’s Experiences of Health and Well-Being in Remote Northwest Queensland, Australia
Harvey, D. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314529370 · Cited by 10
“The alternative concept of flourishing has been adopted in the fields of mental health (Keyes, 2007), philosophy (Cuomo, 1998), and public health (Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008) to depict optimal and holistic health.”
BackgroundPsychological Selection and Optimal Experience
Fave, A. D., Massimini, F., & Bassi, M. (2010) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9876-4_3 · Cited by 14
Positive Interventions That Erode the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Divide to Promote Lasting Happiness
Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_26 · Cited by 10
Conceptualising Women’s Working Lives
Patton, W. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-209-9 · Cited by 12
Psychological and Relational Resources in the Experience of Disability and Caregiving
Fave, A. D., Fianco, A., & Sartori, R. D. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch36 · Cited by 10
ENHANCE YOUR WORKPLACE! A dialogue tool for workplace health promotion with a salutogenic approach
Nilsson, P. (2010) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 10
Mascarenhas, M., Carvalho, V. S., Moretto, C. F., & Chambel, M. J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18178-6 · Cited by 9
“…that their professional activity and the quality of their teaching were affected (e.g., when they established a more distant relationship with students, had less ability to prepare classes or lacked mastery in the use of technological tools), and they felt less involvement and flourishing [41, 42].”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the mental health continuum-short form in Iranian adolescents
Afrashteh, M. Y., & Janjani, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096218 · Cited by 9
“The Mental Health Continuum, or MHC, provides a clinical approach toward the ongoing evaluation and categorical identification of positive mental health states (Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCanter, B. E., Hart, J., Clayton, M. G., Prinstein, M. J., Mann-Rosan, R., & Solomon, S. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2265418 · Cited by 10
“As anticipated, all three predictor variables were uniquely associated with at least some STBs. Flourishing predicted less suicidal ideation (Table 2), less suicidal intent (even when controlling for ideation; Table 3), fewer suicide attempts (Table 4), and less NSSI (Table 5).”
InfluentialZábó, V., Erát, D., Vargha, A., Vincze, Á., Harangozó, J., Iváncsics, M., Farkas, J., Balogh, G., Pongracz, F., Bognár, J., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63674-9 · Cited by 11
Zhu, W., Wang, J., & Liu, T. (2024) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.104017 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Keyes, C. L. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, Corey L. M.
- ORCID
- Keyes, Corey L. M.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-108
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2037808094
- Cited by
- 2,268
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 216 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 154 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 61.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- eudaimonia, mental health continuum, mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, psychosocial functioning, resilience, helplessness, cardiovascular risk, chronic physical illness, health care utilization, labor productivity, National Mental Health Policy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Racial Groups
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