Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.

“R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) approach to diagnosing MDE (Keyes, 2002).”

“According to Keyes (2007) it takes a combination of these to be considered as mentally healthy.”

“It has recently demonstrated that the way people view their life has a positive influence on their health [57].”

“recent evidence that distress and well-being are two different, moderately related, constructs [19].”

“Previous research has shown that higher levels of PERMA correlate with improved physical health,(33) which mirrors similar findings on the positive relationship between wellbeing and physical health.(44,45) Students in the MBSP group retained in college by the end of the following semester at a modestly, but nonsignif…”

“A three-category diagnosis of positive mental health was investigated (see Keyes, 2007).”

“Good mental health or wellbeing is understood in this study as more than the absence of mental illness or psychological distress (Huppert & Whittington, 2003; Keyes, 2007).”

“2018; Keyes 2007).”

“Keyes (2007) proposed that flourishing requires an individual to display at least one high-level indicator of hedonic wellbeing and at least six high-level indicators of positive functioning, such a purpose in life, autonomy, social acceptance or social contribution.”

“In our present day, these concepts are as likely to be associated with psychiatric theory and various notions of psychological health as with moral theory (Keyes 2007; Seligman 2002).”

“Mental wellbeing is an important part of health-related quality of life and has social consequences and significant health outcomes (Keyes 2007, Keller 2014).”

“The main idea behind these interventions is the notion that the absence of a problem or alleviation of symptoms of unhealthy behaviours and attitudes cannot guarantee the presence of well-being, and that positive functioning is a core element of mental health (Diener, 2000; Keyes, 2007).”

“…symptoms of psychopathology does not negate the presence of positive wellbeing in EA, and this underscores the importance of considering both positive and negative outcomes to understand what constitutes adaptive development in EA, beyond just deficits (Keyes, 2007; O’Connor et al., 2012).”

“For the mental health study, flourishing would be a positive form of mental health, beyond the sole absence of disease (Keyes, 2007).”

“…health and its measurement has The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 6906180060p1 identified a cluster of characteristics present with mental health—positive affect, positive psychological and social functioning, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with life challenges (Keyes, 2007).”

“Journal of Affective Disorders 190 (2016) 499–507 represents the subjective evaluation of optimal functioning for a community (Keyes, 2005a, 2007).”

“…factor analytic studies have supported the threefactor structure of the MHC-SF in independent US, South African and Dutch samples of adolescents (Keyes, 2005, Keyes, 2006), college students (Robitschek and Keyes, 2009, Lamers et al., 2011) and adults (Keyes, 2002, Keyes et al., 2002, Keyes, 2007).”

“The Mental Health Continuum approach (Keyes 2002, 2007) categorizes individuals as “flourishing”, “languishing” or experiencing “moderate mental health” based on whether they score in 1 3 the upper, medium or low tertiles of a number of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social wellbeing items.”

“Although some studies have identified flourishing differences between both sexes (Keyes 2007; Keyes et al.”

“These works often refer to Bflourishing^ as a standard translation of Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia (see Keyes 2002, 2007; Frederickson and Losada 2005; Ryff and Singer 2008; Seligman 2011; Hone et al. 2014; Huppert and So 2013; Diener et al. 2010).”

“Corey Keyes hypothesizes a “Black advantage” in mental health, possibly due to flourishing in the presence of adversity (Keyes, 2007), to explain Blacks’ lower rates of common mental disorders and a greater mental resilience despite adversities, stress, discrimination, and other risk factors (Keyes, 2009).”

“A total of three items were adapted from the study of Keyes (2007) to measure subjective WB, and six items were taken to measure psychological WB (Slemp and Vella-Brodrick, 2014).”

“In this respect, psychologists recently called for a shift in attention from human shortcomings and deficits to personal resources and potentials, showing through empirical studies that well-being is not the opposite of ill-being; rather, it comprises unique dimensions [6,7].”

“Keyes CLM, 2007 Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.”

“Following the proposed model of flourishing [33,35], researchers place mental well-being in a continuum with ends fluctuating between low and high flourishing.”

“On his part, Keyes (2002, 2007) developed a model according to which there would exist a continuum representing the presence or absence of mental health.”

“Failing to account for mental well-being when examining the structure of thoughts, feelings and behaviours in young people, is likely to provide a skewed view of mental health in the population at large [3].”

“…psychological and behavioral impact, borrowing constructs such as subjective well-being [4], or models such as self-determination theory [5] or flourishing [6] to identify and operationalize important targets such as happiness, positive affect, meaning, autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”

“A concept that has burgeoned in recent mental illness research is that of Keyes’ model of complete mental health, which encompasses social, emotional and psychological wellbeing (Keyes, 2007).”

“When only gender and age was included in the analysis, Whites had 39% higher odds of CMH than visible minority respondents.”

“Keyes [8] suggested that flourishing includes positive emotions, psychological functioning and social functioning.”

“These individuals possibly have difficulties in perceiving themselves as flourishing in old age (Keyes, 2007).”

“Keyes (2007) replicated these results among adults, and found that by adulthood the rates of a flourishing decreased from over 50% in early childhood to around 20% in adulthood.”

“Given that flourishing is a marker of high psychological functioning and increased physical health (Keyes, 2007), it is important for researchers to find ways to bolster individual differences that encourage both.”

“Keyes [31] has shown important public health benefits of flourishing, extending his research to findings in the medical realm.”

“As regards psychological research on the nature of well-being (Diener, Lucas, & Oishi, 2018; Huppert & So, 2013; Keyes, 2007; Martela & Sheldon, 2019; Ryff & Keyes, 1995), the present work contributes to the debate about what it is and how it should be measured by providing an integrative theory of…”

“Adolescent mental health research to date has tended to focus on issues related to psychological dysfunction (Keyes, 2007).”

“The present findings provide support for the notion that quality of life is independent from mental disorder, and that quality of life should be conceptualized not only as a distinct mental health outcome, but also as an important predictor of psychiatric outcomes (Keyes, 2007).”

“First, following Keyes’ [9] definitions of mental wellbeing, the review only included studies that assessed emotional wellbeing (i.e. positive affect, satisfaction with life), psychological wellbeing and social wellbeing on a global level.”

“In short, complete mental health (i.e., flourishing and the absence of mental illness) – should be central to any national debate about healthcare coverage and costs ( Keyes, 2007 ).”

“In this study, mental health and its components was measured by Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scale (PWB, 42 items) (Ryff, 1989a, 1989b; Ryff & Singer, 2008; Ryff & Singer, 2006; Ryff & Keyes, 1995). Ryff (1989a) developed a model of psychological well-being, or positive mental health (Cheng & Chan, 2005) based on c…”

“” Flourishing is also a desirable condition in any community, corporation, or government aiming to protect or foster the mental health of its members/ citizens (Keyes, 2005).”

“Finally, based on the literature highlighting the relevant role of education and employment in predicting individual well-being (Keyes, 2007; Patti et al., 2007b; Diener et al., 2017), we hypothesized that these two demographic features would provide a specific contribution to hedonic and…”

“Second, it seeks to determine whether the adoption of self-care activities mediates the relationship between stress and well-being, and lastly if this mediation role remains similar across these four countries.”

“Flourishing has been conceptualized as the optimal state of mental health (Keyes, 2007).”

“One of the widely cited works of the bivariate view comes from Keyes (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007), who proposed mental health as a complete state that consists of two dimensions, including the mental illness continuum and the mental health (well-being) continuum.”

“Keyes (2007) uses the term ‘flourishing’, defined as the promotion and maintenance of mental health to underscore the importance of viewing mental health not simply as the absence of a condition, which Keyes calls ‘languishing’, but as the presence of something positive.”

“Flourishing is characterised by “doing and living well” rather than “feeling good” (Forgeard, Jayawickreme, Kern, & Seligman, 2011), so it is different from the absence of mental illness but it is a form of positive mental health (Keyes, 2005, 2007; Michalec, Keyes, & Nalkur, 2009).”

“Keyes (2002, 2007) developed the MHC. Individuals’ wellbeing on the MHC vary from flourishing, to moderately mentally healthy, to languishing.”

“…relationships; fewer physical and mental health problems; better work productivity and fewer days missed of work; and even longer lives and a lower risk of suicide depending on what the term encompasses (e.g., Keyes & Grzywacz, 2005; Keyes & Simoes, 2012; Keyes et al., 2012; Keyes, 2007).”

“…mental health is an important treatment outcome, as studies have shown that after correcting for psychopathology, low levels of positive mental health are associated with more somatic diseases, increased risk of developing a mental disorder, and decreased social and work-related functioning [56].”

“As research results have shown, prevention focusing solely on reducing the risk of mental disorders is insufficient and it is necessary to look for various ways to promote mental health (Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2010) which is one of the goals of positive psychology.”

“This is aligned with Keyes (2002, 2007) positive psychology stance towards well-being in individuals with psychological illnesses.”

“The model proposes that high levels of mental illness and mental wellbeing are coincidentally possible and that mental wellbeing can be improved despite the persistent presence of a mental illness [3,14].”

“…including (1) multidimensional well-being [33–36], (2) mirror opposite to the symptoms of mental disorders [37–39], (3) flourishing [34], (4) “hedo-eude-monic” well-being [33, 38, 40–43], (5) classical models of mental health [44–51], (6) balanced models of mental health [52–55],…”

“Most school-based surveillance measures, however, address only or primarily negative indicators or symptoms, based on a unidimensional model that regards absence of psychological distress as equivalent to psychological wellbeing (Keyes 2007).”

“What has been suggested from these findings is that although African Americans have lower prevalence rates for depression, they may still experience higher rates of psychological distress (Keyes, 2007; Lincoln & Chae, 2010).”

“SWB and PWB have a positive relationship with physical health outcomes such as fewer physical health conditions (Keyes, 2007), lower physical impairment in daily activities (Keyes, 2002, 2005), and faster recovery after physical illness (Lamers et al.”

“Important progress has been made in measuring psychological well-being in the US population [14, 15] and elsewhere [16–18], but many efforts omit positive physical health (e.”

“allow for both a general understanding of the interrelations between elements and also identification of the elements that are more or less central to individuals’ daily well-being (Forgeard et al., 2011; Frey & Stutzer, 2010; Keyes, 2007; Kern et al., 2014; Lerner et al., 2009; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”

“According to the dual-factor model of mental health, there are three core components of mental health: emotional, positive, and social well-being (Keyes, 2007).”

“Research have demonstrated that positive mental health corresponds to better general health, as well as better social and economic outcomes (Arslan & Allen, 2020; Arslan et al., 2020; Arslan & Renshaw, 2018; Keyes, 2007; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”

“…between flourishing and related terms, such as (subjective) well-being and happiness. well-being and flourishing are both used in the same context, suggesting that they can be used interchangeably (for example in White 2011; Keyes 2007; Fredrickson and Losada 2005; Seligman et al. 2009).”

“Keyes (2007) proposed that mental health consists three components; emotional well-being (EWB; positive affect and quality of life), positive psychological functioning or psychological wellbeing (PWB; self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy and positive…”