Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.

“R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) approach to diagnosing MDE (Keyes, 2002).”

“770 clear goals in life, high resilience, and high intimacy), the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease, the lowest number of chronic physical diseases with age, the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, and lower health care utilization (Keyes, 2007).”

“optimal levels in different areas of functioning (Keyes, 2007; Seligman, 2011).”

“…approach, incorporating both of these two philosophical traditions, provides a more comprehensive method for measuring and studying well-being than focusing on either domain alone (Delle Fave et al. 2011; Forgeard et al. 2011; Henderson and Knight 2012; Keyes 2007; Vella-Brodrick, in press).”

“, self-directed, high resilience, high intimacy), the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease, the lowest number of chronic physical diseases with age, the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living and low healthcare utilization [67].”

“Owing to low prevalence of only 20% of flourishing in adult population, the need for a program on mental health promotion to complement ongoing efforts to prevent and treat mental illness was educed.([29]) Therefore, because emotional state is not included in the definition of well-being, affectivity can be studied as…”

“Prevalence studies indicate relatively large numbers of flourishers, and very few languishers with varying large percentages of moderately mentally healthy people (Keyes 2007; Keyes et al. 2008; Wissing and Temane 2013).”

“…for a review of measures of “psychological well-being” and “thriving,” see Su et al. (2014), involving the conceptualizations and operationalizations of Keyes (2002, 2007), Diener et al. (2010), Huppert and So (2013), and Seligman (2011), revealed that all approaches included items referring to…”

“The two-factor model demonstrates that complete mental health depends on the reduction of mental illness and the enhancement of well-being (Keyes, 2005, 2007).”

“Therefore, flourishing epitomises mental health as it is conceptualized today [11], since mental health not only implies the absence of mental illness, but also the presence of “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work producti…”

“…are linked to feelings of helplessness and motivational impairments, likely related to deficits in rewardrelated neural circuits (Treadway & Zald, 2011) and a consequential withdrawal from positively reinforcing activities such as community involvement (e.g., Keyes, 2007; Lewinsohn & Graf, 1973).”

“According to theMental Health Continuummodel (Keyes, 2005, 2007), mental healthe likemental illnesse is a syndrome of symptoms.”

“In this paper, we draw upon the two-continuum model of mental health (Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007) as a framework that arguably has promise in understanding, talking about, and intervening to enhance, athletes’ mental health.”

“the identification and measurement of related indicators, allowing researchers to show that mental health and mental illness are not opposite poles of the same continuum; although negatively correlated, they represent independent and potentially coexisting unipolar dimensions, both deserving researchers’ and practitio…”

“As such it could be hypothesized that personal narratives should be uniquely related to wellness (i.e., the extent to which persons flourish rather than languish in daily life; Keyes, 2007).”

“There is growing evidence that the absence of mental illness does not necessarily imply the presence of mental well-being and that the presence of mental illness does not necessarily exclude mental well-being or flourishing (Keyes 2005; Lamers et al.”

“It is therefore necessary to address the resilience and well-being of nurses in order to enable these nurses and the organisations they serve to promote personal satisfaction and resilience and enhance productivity (Keyes 2007; Nelson & Simmons 2002; Ryff & Singer 2003; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi 2000).”

“In the present study, well-being outcomes are reflected by the complete state of health model (Keyes, 2007; World Health Organization, 1948) consisting of the subjective evaluation of life via satisfaction and affect (Diener et al., 1998), presence of mental health and absence of mental illness…”

“This enabled us to investigate whether different levels of trait curiosity were distinctively related to positive and negative well-being, which represent relatively independent constructs (Keyes, 2007).”

“Adults aged 18 or above with low or moderate levels of well-being without moderate or severe clinical symptomatology are eligible for this study because previous studies have shown that these individuals might search for happiness [41] and could boost their mental health by elevating the level of well-being [7,8].”

“This trend is critical given that behavioral health conditions account for nearly 25% of all disabilities worldwide [13], mental and physical health disorders are strongly associated [14], and patients experiencing comorbid behavioral health conditions and medical disabilities are costly to the health care system [15]…”

“Satisfaction with life refers to cognitive evaluation of one’s life in general (Diener, 1984), while flourishing encompasses experience of positive feelings, positive psychosocial functioning, and living within an optimal range of human functioning (Diener et al., 2010; Keyes, 2007).”

“Although a review of the diverse literature on well-being is beyond the scope of our research (see, Keyes and Haidt 2010; Rahman 2021), high levels of well-being are often indicated by positive emotions, and psychological as well as social functioning (Keyes 2007).”

“…ental health and mental illness, or positive and negative ental health (NMH), are two correlated but distinct factors Huppert & Whittington, 2003; Keyes, 2007; Wang, Zhang, & ang, 2011; Weich et al., 2011; Westerhof & Keyes, 2010). ccordingly, PMH can be altered or focused in interventions,…”

“…two opposites of one dimension, but represent two distinct, yet negatively related dimensions of mental health, the so-called two continua model (Keyes, 2005, 2006, 2007; Keyes et al., 2008; Lamers et al., 2011; Peter et al., 2011; Magalhães and Calheiros, 2017; Perugini et al., 2017; Franken…”

“A strong GPW component as hypothesized, is similar to high levels of positive mental health (flourishing) as conceptualized by Keyes (2005; 2007).”

“…are broad constructs; thus, there are many other important psychological constructs that could arguably be part of broader assessments of well-being ranging from meaning in life and optimism to sense of security and prosociality (Huppert & So, 2013; Keyes, 2007; VanderWeele et al., 2020).”

“It is by now conventional wisdom that the absence of somatic or psychological symptoms is not a sufficient condition for high levels of subjective wellbeing [2].”

“Evidence suggests that the absence of psychopathology does not necessarily imply the presence of subjective well-being, and vice versa (Keyes 2005, 2007), and the study of mental health and determinants thereof should, thus, include the combined assessment of both dimensions (Keyes 2007).”

“Furthermore, the two-continua model holds that mental illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions [13].”

“Greenspoon & Saklofske (2001) initially called this the dual-factor model of mental health and while there are other labels such as the two continua model of mental health (Keyes, 2007), the dual-factor model label predominates.”

“Indeed, the classification utility of the bidimensional model of mental health has been generalized across a variety of samples, including children in elementary school (Greenspoon & Sasklofske, 2001), adolescents in secondary schools (Suldo & Shaffer, 2008; Suldo, Thalji, & Ferron, 2011), young adults in postsecondar…”

“As such, there is a growing call to equip students with the wellbeing skills to build resilience, prevent mental illness, and develop the cognitive, social and emotional skills to connect meaningfully with their communities and peers (Keyes 2007; Waters 2011; Wyn 2007).”

“Keyes [47] too developed a scale to assess his five dimensions of social wellbeing, the Social Well-Being Scale ( SWS ); and there are measures specifically for mindfulness such as the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale ( MAAS ) [42] and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised…”

“Human flourishing is defined as a state in which individuals and communities function with high levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being (Keyes, 2007).”

“This model served as the theoretical foundation for the development of the Mental Health Continuum Scale (MHC-LF: Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007), a 40-item self-administered questionnaire.”

“Consistent with the holistic approach used in both the scientific and applied occupational health literature (Keyes, 2007; World Health Organization, 2004), we conceptualize occupational strain and well-being in terms of individuals’ physical health (e.”

“A focus on mental well-being is also warranted in future studies to determine if organized activities have a possible impact on mental health (Galderisi et al., 2015; Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007; Westerhof and Keyes, 2010; King et al., 2014; World Health Organization, 2004).”

“…on trauma have focused on negative mental health outcomes (see Neria et al., 2008), only a small percentage of people exposed develop clinically significant disorders (e.g., Galea et al., 2003) and the resilience of individuals has been systematically underestimated (Bonanno, 2004; Keyes, 2007).”

“The positive and negative aspects have been shown to be separate constructs (Keyes, 2007; Payton, 2009), and to display different associations with psychological processes and outcomes (Catalino & Fredrickson, 2011).”

“Thus, a national health strategy should continue to focus on treating and preventing mental illness while simultaneously promoting a state of flourishing in people free from mental illness but in lack of positive mental health [7].”

“264), and is best characterized as a profile of indicators that fall on the positive side of the mental health spectrum, rather than a single, global, factor (Forgeard et al. 2011; Frey and Stutzer 2010; Keyes 2007; Lerner et al. 2009).”

“There is evidence that mental well-being is a good indicator of how people and populations are able to function and thrive (Keyes, 2007).”

“Although well-being and ill-being are inversely related (e.g. Davidson, 1998; Diener et al., 1995; Fava et al., 2004; Keyes, 2002, 2007; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Ryff et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2004), the weakness of the association indicates that these two components of flourishing are not…”

“Flourishing is described as optimal human functioning at work and in life (Keyes, 2007).”

“An American study found a higher prevalence of CMH among men than women, but only for Blacks (Keyes, 2007).”

“Various states of coping and struggling might be seen as located at points along this spectrum (Keyes, 2007).”

“PWB has the potential to provide a protective effect against poor health and has been shown to reduce the use of health services (Keyes, 2007) and improve longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011; Diener et al., 2017).”

“…wisdom, moral virtue, authenticity, self-actualizing, psychosocial maturity, growth, a true self, vitality, and engagement (Bauer et al. 2008; Huta and Ryan 2010; Keyes 2007; Ryan and Deci 2001; Ryan et al. 2008; Ryff and Singer 2008; Schlegel et al. 2013; Steger et al. 2013; Waterman et al. 2008).”

“Within psychology, scholars have conceptualized meaning-making (Park, 2010), posttraumatic growth (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004) and benefit-finding (Tennen & Affleck, 2002), among many other approaches, as ways to understand human flourishing amidst difficult life experiences (Keyes, 2007).”

“Adolescence is an important life-stage and developmental success during this period has implications throughout adulthood, the mental health of this subpopulation must be emphasised, because poor mental health can impede academic and social success (Keyes, 2007).”

“Keyes proposed that the characteristics of flourishing can be identified as clusters of symptoms that represent an underlying state, similar to how symptoms of mental disorders cluster in diagnostic manuals [76].”

“Similarly, a study by Keyes (2007) revealed that flourishing jobholders reported fewer days of absenteeism and lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to their less-flourishing counterparts.”

“A psychological health is not merely lack of psychological damages but rather it depends on the presence of positive aspects such as positive emotion, a target in life and a social cooperation (keyes, 2007).”

“Schools and teachers as resources to mediate HIV&AIDS risk Like others [28-32] we conceptualise schools as institutions that can serve as positive psychological pillars to buffer the various risk factors synonymous with the HIV&AIDS landscape.”

“Mental health involves the wellbeing of individuals that enables them to develop their abilities, function productively, contribute to their community, and cope with life stresses (Keyes, 2007) in an uncertain environment.”

“Our research orientation is firmly grounded in the field of positive psychology which argues that psychological thriving is not simply the absence of psychological distress, and therefore requires separate study ( Keyes 2007; Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2000).”

“Some measures have been presented, but it remains clear that the field lacks indicators and instruments for measuring positive health, which might be due to the lack of a concise definition of this phenomena to be measured (cf. Bringsén, Andersson, & Ejlertsson, 2009; Keyes, 2007; Seligman, 2008).”