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Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.
Abstract
This article summarizes the conception and diagnosis of the mental health continuum, the findings supporting the two continua model of mental health and illness, and the benefits of flourishing to individuals and society. Completely mentally healthy adults--individuals free of a 12-month mental disorder and flourishing--reported the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day or greater work cutbacks, the healthiest psychosocial functioning (i.e., low helplessness, clear goals in life, high resilience, and high intimacy), the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease, the lowest number of chronic physical diseases with age, the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, and lower health care utilization. However, the prevalence of flourishing is barely 20% in the adult population, indicating the need for a national program on mental health promotion to complement ongoing efforts to prevent and treat mental illness. Findings reveal a Black advantage in mental health as flourishing and no gender disparity in flourishing among Whites.
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In the citing paper
“Increasing evidence demonstrates that mental health or well-being is more than just the absence of mental illness (e.g., Keyes, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Given the findings that subjective, psychological, and social well-being can contribute to a more complete understanding of mental and physical health (Keyes, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Given the increasing evidence that mental health is more than just the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2005, 2007)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Often overlooked is the fact that psychological well-being is not the absence of ill-being (Diener 2000; Keyes 2007).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Keyes 2007
In the citing paper
“According to Keyes absence of mental health problems (i.e. languishing) is not similar to good mental health (i.e. flourishing) and mental health should be seen as a continuum”
From Impact of organized activities on mental health in children and adolescents: An umbrella review (2022) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
In the citing paper
“Thus, university teachers felt that their professional activity and the quality of their teaching were affected (e.g., when they established a more distant relationship with students, had less ability to prepare classes or lacked mastery in the use of technological tools), and they felt less involvement and flourishing [41, 42].”
From Boundary violations and university teachers' well-being during mandatory telework: Recovery's role and gender differences (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“it has previously been established that health and mental illness work in a relatively independent manner [153]”
From Well-Being and Romantic Relationships: A Systematic Review in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [153]
In the citing paper
“PPWB is associated with higher psychological functioning, 16 lower incidence of chronic diseases (e.g., gastrointestinal disease, arthritis), 18 lower risk of cardiovascular events, 19 and improved health behaviors such as regular exercise, restful sleep, and a decreased sedentary behavior. 1”
From Positive psychological well-being in women with obesity: A scoping review of qualitative and quantitative primary research (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“studies have shown that after correcting for psychopathology, low levels of positive mental health are associated with more somatic diseases, increased risk of developing a mental disorder, and decreased social and work-related functioning [56].”
In the citing paper
“The original version of the instrument obtained good internal consistency for the full scale (α = 0.74) and between acceptable and good internal consistency for the sub-scales (α = 0.59 and 0.70; Keyes, 2007 ).”
From A latent profile analysis of aggression and prosocial behavior in relation to adolescent wellbeing (2025) · cites this paper as Keyes, 2007
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,007
Longhurst, P. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12494 · Cited by 27
Orth, Z., & van Wyk, B. E. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-01961-0 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, it is imperative to consider both mental wellness and mental illness in research, and to move away from the previous ‘absence of disease’ model to one that emphasises positive psychological functioning for mental health [23, 24].”
BackgroundSalud mental positiva: entre el bienestar y el desarrollo de capacidades
Arroyave, C. O. M., Arango, D. C., Restrepo-Ochoa, D. A., & Calvo, A. C. (2022) · CES Psicología · doi:10.21615/cesp.5275 · Cited by 59
“El bienestar social es sencillamente la valoración que hacemos de las circunstancias y el funcionamiento dentro de la sociedad (Keyes, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundKhumalo, I. P., Appiah, R., & Fadiji, A. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885278 · Cited by 24
“Several empirical studies, mostly from Europe (e.g., Lamers et al., 2011a,b; Teismann et al., 2018) and America (e.g., Keyes, 2002, 2007; Keyes et al., 2010; Eklund et al., 2011; Renshaw et al., 2016), have examined the co-occurrence of positive mental health and mental illness, often by…”
BackgroundInfluentialAntebi‐Gruszka, N., Friedman, A. A., & Balsam, K. F. (2022) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2022.2089425 · Cited by 21
“…distress and well-being are related yet distinct constructs, examining both well-being and mental distress facilitates a more nuanced look at how experiences of multiple forms of discrimination uniquely impact LGBQ mental health and well-being (Bech et al., 2003; Keyes, 2007; Massé et al., 1998).”
Background“It’s loving yourself for you”: Happiness in trans and nonbinary adults.
Tebbe, E. A., Bell, H. L., Cassidy, K., Lindner, S., Wilson, E., & Budge, S. L. (2022) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000613 · Cited by 24
Impact of Technostress on Withdrawal Behavior and Workplace Flourishing
Shamout, M. D., Elayan, M. B., Hamouche, S., Rawashdeh, A. M., & Elrehail, H. (2022) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.312212 · Cited by 19
Connecting the dots: linking empowering leadership, employee work passion, and flourishing-at-work
Peethambaran, M., & Naim, M. F. (2023) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-10-2022-0079 · Cited by 24
Cho, K., Kim, M., Cho, Y., Hur, J., Kim, D. H., Park, S., Park, S., Jang, M., Lee, C.-G., & Kwon, J. S. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50259 · Cited by 19
Longitudinal Study of Life Events, Well-Being, Emotional Regulation and Depressive Symptomatology
Arnarson, E. Ö., Matos, A. P., Salvador, C., Ribeiro, C., de Sousa, B. C., & Craighead, W. E. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9524-8 · Cited by 22
Kim, S. O., & Jeon, Y. J. (2013) · Korean Journal of Human Ecology · doi:10.5934/kjhe.2013.22.4.539 · Cited by 19
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“En effet, environ 17 % de la population s’estime épanouie psychologiquement (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundOlder Users’ Perspectives on the Benefits of Preventive Home Visits
Tøien, M., Bjørk, I. T., & Fagerström, L. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314553595 · Cited by 24
“Keyes’ two-continuum model of mental health is one relevant theory in which the focus is on the well-being aspect of health (Keyes, 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundCorrelates and Predictors of Well-being in Montreal
Moulin, F., Keyes, C. L. M., Liu, A., & Caron, J. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0080-4 · Cited by 23
“…terms of the fewest workdays missed, fewest half-day or less cutbacks of work, lowest level of health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest chronic physical diseases and conditions, the lowest health care utilization, and the highest levels of psychosocial functioning” (Keyes 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPiqueras, J. A., García-Olcina, M., Rivera-Riquelme, M., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, T., Martínez‐González, A. E., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017218 · Cited by 22
Abid, G., Ijaz, S., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Rehmat, M. (2018) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2018.1507276 · Cited by 23
“According to Keyes (2007), flourishing or subjective well-being can be divided into three main categories: emotional, social and psychological.”
BackgroundInfluentialAfifi, T. O., Fortier, J., MacMillan, H. L., González, A., Kimber, M., Georgiades, K., Duncan, L., Taillieu, T., Dávila, I. G., & Struck, S. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7729-6 · Cited by 19
Stephenson, K. R., & Welch, J. P. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01467-2 · Cited by 19
“Research on well-being broadly defined has suggested that positive mental health and happiness are distinct from the absence of mental illness and distress (e.g., Keyes, 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundDoré, I., O’Loughlin, J. L., Sylvestre, M., Sabiston, C. M., Beauchamp, G., Martineau, M., & Fournier, L. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2020-003 · Cited by 21
The Dual Continua Model: The Foundation of the Sociology of Mental Health and Mental Illness
Keyes, C. L. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.007 · Cited by 22
Self-citationEvaluation of a Programme to Enhance Flourishing in Adolescents
Schalkwyk, I. V., & Wissing, M. P. (2013) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6368-5_27 · Cited by 20
Development of an Online Well-Being Intervention for Young People: An Evaluation Protocol
Antezana, G., Bidargaddi, N. P., Blake, V., Schrader, G. D., Kaambwa, B., Quinn, S. J., Orlowski, S., Winsall, M., & Battersby, M. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4098 · Cited by 20
“There is evidence that people with high levels of positive mental health are physically healthier, live longer, are more productive at work, and use less health care [3].”
BackgroundO’Connor, M., Sanson, A. V., Hawkins, M. T., Toumbourou, J. W., Letcher, P., & Frydenberg, E. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.005 · Cited by 20
“; can the prevention of mental illness be expected to increase positive outcomes (as assumed in traditional deficitbased literature, Keyes, 2007)?”
BackgroundThe predictive roles of social safeness and flourishing on problematic Facebook use
Uysal, R. (2014) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246314560010 · Cited by 19
“It is also a construct that comprised the presence of positive emotion and positive functioning, instead of just the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundWeiss, L., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-159 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, they often occur together and mutually influence each other [28-30].”
BackgroundDietary acid load in relation to depression and anxiety in adults
Milajerdi, A., Keshteli, A. H., Haghighatdoost, F., Azadbakht, L., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Adibi, P. (2019) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12658 · Cited by 20
van Rensburg, C. J., & Rothmann, S. (2020) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1733 · Cited by 19
Calvo, R. A., Vella‐Brodrick, D., Desmet, P., & Ryan, R. M. (2016) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-016-0047-1 · Cited by 25
“Today, most scholars agree that the clinical model of wellbeing, which defines it simply as the absence of illness, is insufficient (Keyes 2007).”
BackgroundDiedericks, J. C., Cilliers, F., & Bezuidenhout, A. (2019) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1142 · Cited by 18
“Flourishing employees demonstrate positive feelings and positive functioning (Keyes, 2007) as well as hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism, and this what is termed as positive psychological capital (PsyCap).”
BackgroundRace, Flourishing, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1995–2016
Louie, P., Upenieks, L., Siddiqi, A., Williams, D. R., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab067 · Cited by 18
Clients’ Hope for Counseling as a Predictor of Outcome in Psychotherapy
Bartholomew, T. T., Joy, E. E., & Gundel, B. E. (2021) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000211033255 · Cited by 20
“Clients, even if demoralized at the onset of treatment, arrive with both positive and negative emotional states, cognitions, and behaviors (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundEarly Detection of Mental Health Through Universal Screening at Schools
Kim, J.-H., Kim, D.-G. “., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2022) · Georgia Educational Researcher · doi:10.20429/ger.2022.190104 · Cited by 18
“Early detection of mild behavioral and emotional symptoms that indicate mental health risk has been viewed as key to preventing or resolving mental health disorders (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundMichalski, C. A., Diemert, L. M., Hurst, M., Goel, V., & Rosella, L. C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050057 · Cited by 17
Maduforo, A. N., Scott, S., & Scott, D. S. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241253647 · Cited by 34
“Additionally, leaders benefit significantly from establishing mentorship relationships, where mentors serve as a reliable source of counseling during difficult times (Clutterbuck, 2004; Keyes, 2007).”
LA PSICOLOGÍA POSITIVA Y SUS ENEMIGOS: UNA RÉPLICA EN BASE A LA EVIDENCIA CIENTÍFICA
Vázquez, C. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 23
Houghton, S. J., Wood, L. J., Marais, I., Rosenberg, M., Ferguson, R., & Pettigrew, S. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115609995 · Cited by 19
“In conclusion, positive mental well-being has the potential to improve quality of life, prevent mental and physical illness, and the use of health services (Keyes, 2007; Keyes, Dhingra, & Simoes, 2010).”
BackgroundKottke, T. E., Gallagher, J. M., Rauri, S., Tillema, J. O., Pronk, N. P., & Knudson, S. M. (2016) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd13.160224 · Cited by 18
Some Cues for a Positive Environmental Psychology Agenda
Valera, S., & Vidal, T. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31416-7_3 · Cited by 18
Socialized reflexivity and self‐exertion: Mandala Model of Self and its role in mental health
Shiah, Y., & Hwang, K. (2018) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12344 · Cited by 18
“However, Keyes (2007) noted that absence of mental illness is not the same as presence of mental health.”
BackgroundInterventions efficaces en psychologie positive: Une revue systématique.
Sitbon, A., Shankland, R., & Martin‐Krumm, C. (2018) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000163 · Cited by 28
Pathways to flourishing among pharmacy students: The role of study demands and lecturer support
Basson, M., & Rothmann, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2019.1647953 · Cited by 19
Fuller‐Thomson, E., Lee, S., Cameron, R., Baiden, P., Agbeyaka, S., & Karamally, T. M. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519885702 · Cited by 20
“Research suggests mental health and mental illness are two separate but related entities, rather than merely two ends of a continuum (Keyes, 2003, 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundMetatherapeutic processing supports the emergence of flourishing in psychotherapy.
Fosha, D., & Thoma, N. C. (2020) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000289 · Cited by 23
Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.024 · Cited by 17
Mai, Y., Yang, R., Wu, X., Xie, Z.-M., Zhang, X., Yang, X., Liu, H., & Zhao, J. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12312 · Cited by 17
Giblett, A., & Hodgins, G. A. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211040432 · Cited by 17
Rejection sensitivity and mental well‐being : The positive role of friendship quality
Efeoglu, B., & Sen, C. K. N. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12403 · Cited by 19
Shafique, S., Rajput, A., Javed, U., & Alnakhli, H. (2022) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-12-2021-0446 · Cited by 17
Borovica, T., Kokanović, R., Seal, E., Flore, J., Boydell, K., Blackman, L. M., & Hayes, L. (2024) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2024.2376016 · Cited by 17
“Flourishing has also been used in mental health research to propose a more nuanced view in which the absence of mental distress is not equated with mental health (Keyes, 2007).”
Lay Meanings of Mental Health in Urban Indian College Youth: Insights For Mental Health Promotion
Mehrotra, S., Tripathi, R., & Elias, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2119 · Cited by 17
Psychosocial factors associated with flourishing among Australian HIV-positive gay men
Lyons, A., Heywood, W., & Rozbroj, T. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0154-z · Cited by 17
“It is now well-established that a singular focus on preventing or treating mental illness does not automatically mean that an individual thrives or flourishes [12, 13].”
Haugan, G., Rinnan, E., Espnes, G. A., Drageset, J., Rannestad, T., & André, B. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12676 · Cited by 18
Arenella, K., & Steffen, A. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000565 · Cited by 15
“This focus on positively framed resources is based on research from positive psychology that conceptualizes mental health as a separate entity that can be addressed in its own right (Keyes, 2002, 2007).”
BackgroundMental health and individual and organisational outcomes: A latent profile analysis
Möller, M., & Rothmann, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2019.1689462 · Cited by 17
Childhood Obesity Is Associated with Poor Academic Skills and Coping Mechanisms
Gill, N., Gjelsvik, A., Mercurio, L. Y., & Amanullah, S. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.004 · Cited by 19
Serlachius, A., Schache, K., Boggiss, A., Lim, D., Wallace-Boyd, K., Brenton-Peters, J., Buttenshaw, E., Chadd, S., Cavadino, A., Cao, N., et al. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/23716 · Cited by 17
“Awareness is also growing that self-empowerment of well-being can improve the quality of care and outcomes for people experiencing mental health problems [21,22], and it has been suggested that interventions should equally aim to enhance well-being and attempt to reduce distress [23].”
BackgroundSisson, N. M., Willroth, E. C., Le, B. M., & Ford, B. Q. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211053320 · Cited by 19
“These recovery findings are also in line with relational regulation theorizing that suggests that everyday interactions with close others—in addition to actual support behaviors— bolster the mental health of people in close relationships (Lakey & Orehek, 2011).”
ResultSocioeconomic Status: Risks and Resilience
Stepleman, L. M., Wright, D. E., & Bottonari, K. A. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75659-2_13 · Cited by 19
“Likewise, Keyes (2007) has argued that African Americans have better mental health outcomes than Caucasians and suggests that differences between these two groups could be even more pronounced in the absence of discrimination.”
BackgroundJenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6470-5_10 · Cited by 17
Bienestar y trauma en personas adultas desplazadas por la violencia política
Abello-Llanos, R., Macías, M. A., Blanco, A., Orozco, C. M., Manrique-Palacio, K. P., Martínez–González, M. B., Turizo-Palencia, Y., & Díaz-Méndez, D. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 17
Children’s social behaviour, language and literacy in early years
Hartas, D. (2012) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2012.699748 · Cited by 18
“The last point is important because children’s well-being is not simply the absence of behavioural and social difficulties but also the capacity to ‘flourish’ through engaging prosocially with others (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundPositive functioning inventory: initial validation of a 12-item self-report measure of well-being
Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2014) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-014-0015-6 · Cited by 23
“For example, it is possible that some people “function optimally” as defined by a set of positive measures, despite having psychiatric disorder (Keyes 2007).”
BackgroundThe Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders
Ahn, W., Kim, N. S., & Lebowitz, M. S. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.31 · Cited by 19
“In addition, mental disorders have been identified as one of the three most costly categories of medical conditions (Keyes, 2007); Insel (2008) estimated the direct and indirect The Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders Woo-kyoung Ahn, Nancy S.”
BackgroundEudaimonic and Hedonic Happiness
Fave, A. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3778-2 · Cited by 19
Relationships among stress, experiential avoidance and depression in psychiatric patients
Rueda, B., & Valls, E. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.32 · Cited by 16
“This obstacle in problem solving, together with the assumption that one important ingredient for mental health is acceptance of life events (Keyes, 2007), leads to the hypothesis that EA could be especially unhelpful in maintaining well-being and satisfaction in people with mental disorders.”
BackgroundAwan, M. W. I., Boyce, M., & Lindsay, B. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1589093 · Cited by 29
“Evidently, there exists a gap between those who need mental health support and those who access and receive Awan et al. 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1589093 Frontiers in Psychology 02 frontiersin.org professional mental health support (i.e., a treatment gap; Kohn et al., 2018; Keyes, 2007; Kohn et al., 2004).”
InfluentialKelley, T. M., Hollows, J., Lambert, E. G., Savard, D. M., & Pransky, J. B. (2017) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x17735253 · Cited by 16
Who Are the Flourishing Emerging Adults on the Urban East Coast of Australia?
Sofija, E., Harris, N., Sebar, B., & Phung, D. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031125 · Cited by 17
“Individuals who exhibit high levels of hedonic (positive feelings) and eudaimonic (positive functioning) wellbeing are flourishers [13,15,16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcLoughlin, L. T., Simcock, G. P., Schwenn, P., Beaudequin, D. A., Boyes, A., Parker, M. J., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0539 · Cited by 16
A longitudinal study on the stability and predictors of flourishing among emerging adults.
de la Fuente, R., Sánchez‐Queija, I., & Jiménez, Á. P. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000327 · Cited by 18
Dizon, J. I. W. T., Mendoza, N. B., & Nalipay, M. J. N. (2023) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909231156532 · Cited by 17
“The fi rst is emotional well-being, which consists of positive feelings and life satisfaction (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundLi, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1020494 · Cited by 19
“Conversely, depression and anxiety represent malfunctioning (Keyes, 2007).”
Jie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Saunders, T. R. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2258409 · Cited by 21
“…that flourishing not only can serve as a protective factor against stress and other challenges typically faced during college student development, 11,18 but it is also a powerful predictor of academic success and other institutional-level outcomes such as graduation rate and perceived…”
Well-being and ill-being on campus
Morrison, P. S., Liu, I., & Zeng, D. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i3.2785 · Cited by 22
“7 For definitions of flourishing and languishing see Westerhof and Keyes (2010: 111). Alternative definitions are offered by Zhao and Tay (2022: 3 and 8). For a contemporary application consistent with our use in the context of the dual continua model see Stephens (2023), Figure 1.”
MethodResultChaudhry, S., & Chhajer, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239587 · Cited by 35
“Well-being refers to a state of optimal functioning characterized by the presence of positive emotions, a relative absence of negative emotions, and satisfaction with one’s life (Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundBunker, C. J., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108025 · Cited by 19
Positive self-beliefs mediate the association between body appreciation and positive mental health
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Todd, J., Furnham, A. F., Horne, G., & Tran, U. S. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101685 · Cited by 16
Associations between nature exposure and body image: A critical, narrative review of the evidence
Swami, V. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104355 · Cited by 18
Erkutlu, H. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.130 · Cited by 16
Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Kramer, J., Boon, B. J. F., Smit, F., Riper, H. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.1791 · Cited by 18
“In addition, many more people suffer from poor well-being [6], subclinical depression [7], and stress at work [8] putting them at greater risk of developing a mental disorder later on.”
Preventive psychiatry: Concept appraisal and future directions
Trivedi, J. K., Tripathi, A., Dhanasekaran, S., & Moussaoui, D. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013488570 · Cited by 18
Accessible and Cost-Effective Mental Health Care Using E-Mental Health (EMH)
Krausz, R. M., Ramsey, D., Wetterlin, F. M., Tabiova, K., & Thapliyal, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70554-5_8 · Cited by 16
Burns, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00077-y · Cited by 16
“For example, vitality has been purported to be both a hedonic (Keyes 2007) and eudaimonic indicator (Fayad et al.”
Yunusova, A., Lai, J., Rivera, A. P., Hu, S., Labbaf, S., Rahmani, A. M., Dutt, N. D., Jain, R., & Borelli, J. L. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/25775 · Cited by 15
“From this perspective, mental health is viewed along a health continuum, wherein individuals may fluctuate across a spectrum of diminishing and flourishing mental health [22].”
Wolbert, L. S., de Ruyter, D., & Schinkel, A. (2021) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1111/1467-9752.12561 · Cited by 19
“…lives or for adults only (e.g. Curzer, 2012), while in positive psychology (e.g. Seligman et al., 2009) or some theories aboutmental health (e.g. Keyes, 2007) no distinction ismade in this respect between adults and children, and some literally describe children’s ‘optimal development’ as…”
BackgroundRivan, N. F. M., Shahar, S., Singh, D. K. A., Ibrahim, N., Ludin, A. F. M., Yahya, H. M., Sakian, N. I. M., Mahadzir, H., Subramaniam, P., & Kamaruddin, M. Z. A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1972281 · Cited by 16
Montgomery, R. M., Boucher, E. M., Honomichl, R. D., Powell, T. A., Guyton, S. L., Bernecker, S. L., Stoeckl, S. E., & Parks, A. C. (2021) · JMIR Cardio · doi:10.2196/32351 · Cited by 19
“Mental health has been defined as both the absence of psychological distress, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and associated mental disorders, and the presence of positive psychological well-being, which includes factors like life satisfaction, optimism, and positive emotion [31-33].”
BackgroundManoiu, R., Hammond, N. G., Yamin, S., & Stinchcombe, A. (2022) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980822000162 · Cited by 16
“The absence of positive mental health has been linked to poor academic performance, suicidal behaviour, chronic disease, and mortality (Keyes, 2007; 2012; Keyes & Simoes, 2012).”
BackgroundMuseums and art therapy: A bibliometric analysis of the potential of museum art therapy
Wei, Z., & Zhong, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041950 · Cited by 18
“It is imperative to determine various means to promote mental health (Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBenefit finding and well-being in children with life threatening illnesses: An integrative study
Chaves, C., Vázquez, C., & Hervás, G. (2013) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082013000100006 · Cited by 21
“Psychopathology and well-being are more than merely opposite poles of the same dimension (Huppert & Whittington, 2003; Keyes, 2007).”
BackgroundFlourishing Interventions: A Practical Guide to Student Development
van Zyl, L. E., & Stander, M. W. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00645-1_14 · Cited by 16
Eudaimonic Well-being: A Gendered Perspective
Ferguson, L. J., & Gunnell, K. E. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_28 · Cited by 16
Assessment of the Mental Health Continuum in a Sample of Argentinean Adults
Góngora, V. C., & Solano, A. C. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.83018 · Cited by 18
“Flourishing mental health has been associated with a decrease in work performance and increased use of health services (Keyes & Grzywacz, 2005); fewer diseases and chronic physical conditions (Keyes, 2005); reduced risk of various causes of death (Keyes & Simoes, 2012); and higher levels of psychosocial functioning (K…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocioeconomic Stratification and Mental Disorder
Eaton, W. W., & Muntaner, C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.016 · Cited by 18
Housing and Quality of Life: An Ecological Perspective
Nelson, G. B., & Saegert, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_194 · Cited by 16
Not ‘going there’: limits to the professionalisation of our emotional lives
Brownlie, J. (2010) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01269.x · Cited by 31
Flourishing of employees in the information technology industry in South Africa
Diedericks, E. (2012) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 16
The influence of information overload and problematic Internet use on adults wellbeing
AlHeneidi, H. H. (2019) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 16
Christensen-Salem, A., Kinicki, A., Perrmann-Graham, J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2023) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267221119767 · Cited by 16
“Keyes (2007) suggested that the vast majority of people are in a state of languishing, and fewer than 20% are flourishing.”
BackgroundConradson, H. E., Hayden, K. A., Russell‐Mayhew, S., Raffin Bouchal, S., & King‐Shier, K. (2022) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.605 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Keyes, C. L. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, Corey L. M.
- ORCID
- Keyes, Corey L. M.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-108
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2037808094
- Cited by
- 2,268
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 216 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 154 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 61.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- eudaimonia, mental health continuum, mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, psychosocial functioning, resilience, helplessness, cardiovascular risk, chronic physical illness, health care utilization, labor productivity, National Mental Health Policy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Racial Groups
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