Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.

“R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) approach to diagnosing MDE (Keyes, 2002).”

“Subjective well-being and study engagement Keyes (2002, 2005, 2007) defined subjective well-being to comprise the mental health states of positive feelings or emotions, and positive functioning .”

“Notably, an absence of negative outcomes does not guarantee that there will be coinciding positive outcomes (Cohen et al., 2003; Keyes, 2007; Seligman, 2008).”

“People with high in the flourishing state tend to experience higher emotional, psychological, and social well-being (Keyes, 2007).”

“Studies on mental wellness have been done with adult populations and applied to adolescents (Keyes, 2005; Roscoe, 2009; Ahanonu and Jooste, 2016).”

“This is in line with the position that mental health and mental illness are not opposite poles of a single continuum, but rather two distinct and negatively correlated factors (Keyes, 2002; 2007; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”

“Subsequent analysis highlighted age differences in flourishing mental health, with the lowest prevalence in the youngest age cohorts (Keyes, 2006, 2007; Keyes & Westerhof, 2012).”

“This was followed by other ratings about the target (e.g., the extent to which they were “flourishing”; see Keyes, 2007).”

“Overall, the PYD paradigm comprises five to seven key competence (5Cs, 6Cs or 7Cs, Lerner et al., 2005; Geldhof et al., 2015; Dimitrova et al., 2021), the development assets theory (Benson, 2007; Scales, 2011) and the flourishing model (Ryff, 1989; Ryff and Keyes, 1995; Keyes, 2005, 2007).”

“Flourishing individuals function positively in a group context, want to contribute meaningfully to society, and experience their relations with others as fulfilling (Keyes, 2005, 2007).”

“A positive psychology approach to student well-being differs from other models of wellness by focusing on optimizing psychological functioning and experiences, rather than eliminating dysfunction (Keyes, 2007; Varlotta & Oliaro, 2011); rather than fixating on physical and mental health problems, positive psychology en…”

“Researchers have demonstrated that well-being is positively affected by hope [33], resilience [34], self-efficacy [35], and optimism [36].”

“…that prospective health enhancement interventions not be solely curative in nature, but should also foster wellness through possible prevention of pathology within the ‘healthy’ population, and contribute to a better quality of life and psychological flourishing as described by Keyes (2007).”

“…the mental health of the students, using the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), consisting of 14 questions that assess mental health across three dimensions: (a) emotional well-being, (b) social well-being, and (c) psychological well-being (Keyes, 2005, 2006, 2007; Keyes et al., 2008).”

“…2000), in Self-Determination Theory’s (SDT) understanding of well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2001), in Keyes’s conceptualization of flourishing in life (Keyes, 2002, 2007), in Huppert’s definition of flourishing and mental well-being (Huppert & So, 2013; Huppert et al., 2009), in OECD’s guidelines…”

“4) which incorporates existing theoretical frameworks of flourishing and languishing, and the dual continua of mental health and wellbeing (Diener et al., 2010; Huppert & So, 2013; Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007).”

“00 18 1v 1 近年来，感恩与幸福感的关系受到了越来越多研究者的关注。横向研究发现，感恩与主观幸 福感和心理幸福感之间存在显著正相关(丁凤琴,赵虎英, 2018; Lin & Yeh, 2014; Mason, 2019; Sood, 2012)。纵向研究进一步发现，感恩能正向预测主观幸福感和心理幸福感，反之则不成立(JansBeken et al., 2018; Nezlek et al., 2019)。然而，以往这些研究多着眼于主观幸福感和心理幸福感。这 两种幸福感分别强调个体的情绪体验和心理机能，反映了幸福感的个人特征，因而也被称为个人 幸福感(苗元江 等,…”

“Mental health has been conceptualised by Keyes [53] as a syndrome of symptoms comprising positive feelings and functionings in life.”

“Two other dimension relevant to talent development during childhood and adolescence would be work in positive psychology where the “broaden and build” theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001; Martin, 2004) could be adapted to expand the behavior of young, gifted musicians when they experience high levels of str…”

“In recent years, two-dimensional models have come to the fore, in which indicators of mental disorder and positive mental health are considered together for a complete assessment of mental health (C. L. M. Keyes, 2002, 2007).”

“Eudaimonic well-being refers to actualizing one’s human potential reflected in optimal psychological and social functioning, ranging from supportive relationships to purpose and meaning in life (Deci and Ryan 2008; Keyes 2007).”

“, [3, 25], we expect that two dimensions, positive mental health—mental illness will emerge in our sample of health-care professionals.”

“These indicators correspond to theories of PYD focusing on understanding adolescents’ positive adjustment, and are examples of core indicators of thriving: optimism, purpose in life, and selfesteem (Benson and Scales 2009; Fredrickson et al. 2003; Keyes 2007; King et al. 2005; Scales et al. 2011).”

“For example, Keyes (2006, 2007) and Keyes and Annas (2009) views WB as consisting of two related but distinct components: hedonic WB (HWB) and eudaimonic WB (EuWB).”

“The promotion of positive mental health may be a way to proactively prevent depression and other mental health problems (Keyes, 2007).”

“A healthy person who scores high on these dimensions compared to a healthy person with low scores shows fewer missed days of work, a lower risk for cardiovascular and chronical physical disease and fewer health limitations in daily life activities with age (Pressman and Cohen, 2005; Keyes, 2007).”

“Increasing evidence demonstrates that mental health or well-being is more than just the absence of mental illness (e.g., Keyes, 2007), so it cannot be assumed that just because CBT reduces anxiety that it is equally effective at promoting well-being.”

“…predicted individuals’ ill-being, they did not affect their wellbeing, thus supporting the idea of a relative independence between well-being and ill-being and the necessity to concurrently examine “bright” and “dark” sides of psychological functioning (Keyes, 2007; Suldo & Shaffer, 2008).”

“Although these students may not be at the highest risk, students in the moderate mental health range show a considerably higher risk than students classified in the Flourishing category (Keyes, 2007, 2016).”

“…longitudinal waves of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study (Keyes, 2002; Keyes et al., 2002) and others in the North American context (Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2020), as well as in construct-identifying research with populations from South Africa (Keyes et al., 2008).”

“…research has indicated that women are more likely than men to achieve CMH (Baiden & Fuller-Thomson, 2016), while other research has found no gender differences in CMH among white men and women (Keyes, 2007), and a higher prevalence of CMH in Black men when compared to Black women (Keyes, 2007).”

“…are often regarded as being opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum, an alternative model, named the Dual-Continua Model, considers mental illness and mental well-being as separate but correlated unipolar dimensions of mental health (Greenspoon and Saklofske, 2001; Keyes, 2002, 2005, 2007).”

“(Keyes, 2007).”

“Over this period, the concept of mental well-being has evolved from being solely de fi ned as an absence of ill-being, focusing exclusively on positive individual functioning without accounting for emotions (Rose et al., 2017), to encompassing a state of fl ourish-ing (Keyes, 2007).”

“This fi nding indicates that individuals with high levels of stress will fi nd it dif fi cult to achieve psychological, social, and emotional well-being in emerging adulthood, which is a critical developmental stage in which important tasks are expected to be accomplished (Keyes, 2002, 2007).”

“…when work roles are considered to be purposeful and significant (Pratt and Ashforth 2003; Wrzeniewski 2003), thereby affirming central aspects of individual identity and satisfying basic psychological needs, such as self-acceptance, positive relations to others, and purpose in life (Keyes 2007).”

“Evidence from the US, for instance, suggests that these people may have the lowest rate of physical activity limitations, sickness absence and work cutback days (Keyes, 2007).”

“A total score as a measure of psychological well-being is also in accordance with the theoretical and empirical work of Keyes (2002, 2007) who supposed that the three second-order factors of emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing provided the best representation of the hierarchical…”

“…well-being, as they experience less prolonged physical and mental disorders (Keyes, 2005, 2006, 2007), lower absenteeism, increased resilience (Keyes, 2007), higher levels of organizational commitment, performance and contentment (Seligman, 2011), and increased job satisfaction (Diedericks,…”

“Other theories are more complex and include more elements, for example, Keyes (2007) proposed 13 dimensions that can be loosely grouped into three categories: positive emotions (positive affect and avowed quality of life), positive psychological functioning (self-acceptance, personal growth,…”

“For example, Keyes [27] showed that flourishing employees had a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and reported fewer days of sick leave than their less-flourishing colleagues.”

“Cognitive flexibility and executive functions are, as an example, known as a broad-spectrum protective factor in preventing mental illness (Crivelli and Balconi, 2021) as well as in sustaining personal development (Keyes, 2007; Robinson et al., 2015).”

“Self-Esteem In order to understand complete mental health, it is important to not only consider presence of psychopathology but also measures of subjective well-being such as self-esteem (Keyes 2007).”

“[17,18] Well-being studies refer to two conceptual approaches.”

“The mechanisms of healthy relational functioning, for example, in the learning environment, are dissimilar to the absence of “the bad” or “the ugly” associated with dysfunctional relating or “damage-control” (Keyes, 2007).”

“Determining which factors are associated with greater well-being is important because there is robust evidence showing that psychological well-being is linked with slew of positive outcomes including better physical health and longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011; Kern et al., 2014; Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2010; Keyes &…”

“Notably, flourishing has been defined as a combination of high hedonic and eudaimonic well-being [11].”

“…have been conducted in people with SMI from a salutogenic health-promotion perspective (Jormfeldt, 2011; Langeland & Vinje, 2022), and it is emphasized that a salutary perspective is essential to promote flourishing mental health and minimize the risk of mental illness (Keyes, 2007, Keyes, 2014).”

“Given increasing interest in positive psychology and a dual-factor approach to conceptualizing student mental health within schools (Keyes, 2007; Suldo & Shaffer, 2008), additional research is necessary to further elucidate the mechanisms surrounding youth’s subjective evaluations of their own…”

“Furthermore, the domains described by the dual-con-tinuum model appear to be linked to real-world outcomes, including social, educational and occupational participation and success 43,60,61 .”

“Mental health continuum short Form: created to assess emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing, long and short forms of this measure are widely used [30,31].”

“According to the Complete Mental Health Theory put forward by Keyes (2007), complete mental health implies not only the absence of disease but also a positive and flourishing mental state, which can lead to a high level of emotional and social adjustment (Arslan & Allen, 2022; Arslan & Renshaw,…”