Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health.

“R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) approach to diagnosing MDE (Keyes, 2002).”

“…of using researcher-determined thresholds (e.g., top tertile split) in creating the dichotomized and the count measure (Hone et al., 2014; Keyes, 2007), the continuous measure of flourishing, was taken as the primary outcome, which may provide a broarder picture of well-being on a…”

“Although life satisfaction is frequently used as the only measure to assess well-being in studies of SNS use, research has found that measuring both life satisfaction and eudaimonic well-being concurrently creates a more complete picture of an individual’s well-being (Keyes, 2007; Seligman, 2011; Seligman, Parks, & St…”

“The 14 items of this measure were selected as the most prototypical items representing well-being from the Long Form, 40-item version of the scale (Keyes, 2005, 2006).”

“No mental illness does not represent mental health, and achieve mental health should simultaneously seek to prevent mental illness and strive to enhance flourishing in individuals (Keyes, 2007).”

“Importantly, this conceptualisation contrasts with other views regarding the interrelationship between psychological problems and well-being, for instance challenging the Complete State Model of Mental Health's (Keyes, 2003, 2007) assertion that “mental illness” and well-being form separate continua.”

“Keyes (2007) and Seligman (2011) have persuasively argued for a balance between the two paradigms.”

“…missed days at work, better social functioning, lower risk of cardiovascular disease, fewer chronic physical diseases, fewer health limitations, and lower hospital-care utilization compared to adults who reported both low psychological distress and low psychological well-being (Keyes 2005, 2007).”

“The outcome of interest in the current study, mental health, was operationalized using Keyes’ mental health continuum.(8,9) Guided by the definition that mental health is more than the lack of illness, Keyes conceptualized mental health as a continuum measuring emotional, psychological, and social well-being.”

“This perspective is also supported by Keyes (2007) who posits that the satisfaction of basic need for autonomy is associated with positive mental health outcomes.”

“…of the term – purpose as an indicator of thriving, optimal development, and positive social functioning [e.g., Benson & Scales, 2009; Damon, 2008; Keyes, 2007] – the motivation that drives purpose cannot be antisocial or immoral: Individuals who aspire to have an impact on society but use…”

“…it might be concluded that the Moderate cluster consists of individuals who are not evidencing high degrees of internalizing, externalizing, or health risk outcomes — but who are also not fl ourishing or thriving (e.g., experiencing high degrees of well-being and meaning in life; Keyes, 2007).”

“The “dual continuum model” [25] posits that mental illness and mental wellness are two separate though related concepts.”

“Keyes CLM. 2007.”

“Additionally, positive mental health was related to desired workplace outcomes, such as less absenteeism (Keyes, 2007) and less unprofessional behaviors (Dyrbye et al.”

“…sample that includes a comprehensive assessment of MWB which measures both happiness (e.g., positive affect or emotional well-being) and the Aristotelian concept of eudaimonia (i.e., doing well or flourishing in terms of psychological and social well-being (Keyes 2002; Keyes 2005; Keyes 2007)).”

“Mental well-being is recognized for having major consequences for health and social outcomes [6, 7], and for being associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) improvements and illness prevention [8, 9].”

“…criteria has demonstrated that flourishing mental health is associated with a variety of benefits across the lifespan including fewer chronic physical diseases, a lower risk for cardiovascular disease, fewer missed days of work, and generally improved psychosocial functioning (Keyes, 2005, 2007).”

“Nevertheless, mental well-being is thought to be good indicator of the extent to which individuals are able to function and thrive in their day-to-day life and is predictive of future risk of mental illness (Keyes 2007).”

“…18 year of age (Keyes, 2006), American university students (Keyes, Eisenberg, Dhingra, Perry, & Dube, 2012; Renshaw & Cohen, 2014), American adults (Keyes, 2005; 2007), South-African adults (Keyes et al., 2008), Dutch adults (Lamers et al., 2011), Canadian adults (Gilmour, 2014), Italian adults…”

“Consistent with Keyes’ (2002, 2007) proposition, we considered mental health to be more than the absence of mental illness and classified individuals into three different categories that represent a continuum of mental health, including flourishing, moderately mentally healthy, and languishing…”

“This is important because low and moderate well-being is highly prevalent in the USA and Europe, regardless of mental illness (Huppert and So, 2013; Keyes, 2005, 2007; Schotanus-Dijkstra et al., 2016c).”

“An example of an integrated model is Keyes (2005b, 2007) mental health continuum.”

“Evidence suggested that flourishing is related with psychosocial functioning including better emotional health, higher engagement with daily life activities, fewer work loss days, and days of work cutbacks (Keyes, 2002, 2007).”

“The work-related assistance and emotional support received from co-workers which serve as important job resources at work, which can lead to flourishing employee outcomes such as positive emotions, finding meaning of work, and increased job satisfaction (Colbert et al., 2016; Keyes, 2007).”

“Keyes (2007) showed that adults with complete mental health missed the fewest days of work, had the healthiest psychosocial functioning, and had the fewest health limitations on activities in daily life.”

“Keyes [21] defines flourishing as the set of internal experiences and positive functioning in the relationship with the world and the ability to realize one’s own potential and talents in society.”

“Keyes (2002, 2005, 2007) tried to unify the study of hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives through the concept of flourishing, developing a specific instrument, the Mental Health Continuum (MHC), that comprehensively assesses the degree of positive mental health across the dimensions of emotional,…”

“For example, challenging situations are repeatedly found to be unrelated to selfreported happiness (Burke, 1991; Keyes, 2007; Miller & C’deBaca, 1994; Weiss, 2002), but strongly associated with the idea of a meaningful and authentic life (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997).”

“Inversely, functioning below complete mental health contributes to increased impairment and disability ( Keyes 2007 ).”

“For example, Keyes and colleagues [10, 11, 70, 71] developed the mental health continuum model and a corresponding psychometric instrument (MHC-SF) that measures psychological and social functioning (termed psychological and social well-being), as well as positive affect and life satisfaction (termed emotional well-be…”

“Such findings are consistent with current work on flourishing (eg, Keyes, 2007 ), which argues that mental health and the absence of psychological symptoms are not necessarily one and the same but rather are two distinct phenomena that exist along separate continua.”

“The enhancement of well-being may be just as important in dealing with poor mental health as treating the symptoms of depression [4].”

“The sheer magnitude of the pandemics described previously suggests that population-based change is needed if we are to achieve effective solutions to the mental health and education dilemmas facing children (Huppert, 2009; Keyes, 2007; Strein et al., 2003).”

“There has been a shift from the distress symptoms research to the exploration of resources, and personal strengths from a positive psychology perspective which focuses on ways of building and monitoring (Keyes, 2007; Capone and Petrillo, 2020).”

“It is theorized that encouragement would be related to other prosocial strengths such as gratitude and kindness as well as to optimism and social actualization (perceiving that others have the potential to grow and develop; Keyes, 2007).”

“Keyes argues that this model of mental health and mental well-being requires differing approaches to treat mental illness or prevent poor mental well-being (Keyes 2007).”

“For psychological wellbeing, we used instruments that explicitly measured psychological wellbeing, as defined by Keyes (2007).”

“A promising outcome of these attempts is the Mental Health Continuum (MHC; Keyes, 2007), a model of optimal human functioning encompassing emotional well-being (including positive affect and life satisfaction), the six dimensions of psychological wellbeing, and the five facets of social well-being.”

“Mental well-being and its potential to improve quality of life and prevent illness [1, 2] has aroused the interest of M.”

“Keyes (2007) has found a similar relation when measuring overall mental health. He has proposed a complete state model, which is a composite of levels of mental flourishing (well-being) and levels of mental illness (ill-being). Here, too, it is possible to have any combination of high and low scores, but those who sco…”

“Keyes (2005, 2007) also revealed neglected types of mental health in the general population by jointly examining mental distress (depression and anxiety) and well-being (emotion, psychological, and social).”

“The research of positive psychologists, such as Keyes, Seligman, Huppert, Frederickson, and Diener, suggests that there must be deliberate efforts to pursue flourishing, as the highest form of wellbeing or complete state of mental health, with its subsequent implications for increased psychosocial functioning, product…”

“According to Keyes’ notion of ‘complete mental health’ ( Keyes 2005, 2007 ), mental illness and mental health are related but distinct phenomenon that both need to be considered.”

“well-being) [6].”

“Factors that may lead to enhanced functioning (so-called flourishing; see Keyes, 2007) on transition into crisis (protection enhancing) have also been the focus of much interest (Luthar et al., 2000; Masten & Obradovic, 2008).”

“Employees successfully crafting their job resources and experiences can result in meaningfulness because employees direct their jobs towards their own interests and achieving their own goals, resulting in positive affect, an important component of flourishing (Keyes, 2007).”

“The literature on eudaimonic well-being is divided among researchers who, at the end of the day, argue that happiness or satisfaction is the ultimate dependent variable even if their theoretical focus is on eudaimonia and personal growth (e.g., Keyes 2007; Ryan et al. 2008; Ryff and Singer 2008; Seligman 2002; Sumner…”

“subjective and psychological aspects of wellbeing as demonstrated by accumulating evidence from composite indices of wellbeing (e.g., the Mental Health Continuum, MHC-LF; Keyes, 2007); both constructs are strongly associated with each other with factor analytic studies showing shared variance of 49–74% (Keyes et al.”

“Informed by Keyes’ theoretical model of mental health (Keyes, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007; Keyes and Waterman, 2003), the MHC-SF evaluates three dimensions of mental health: emotional (e.g. ‘How often did you feel happy?’)”

“The two continua model proposed by Keyes discusses the relationship between mental illness and mental health and urges the need to consider mental health as continuum over a dichotomy [54].”

“immersed in an activity, Csikszentmihalyi 1990; Greenleaf and McGreer 2006; Slater and Tiggemann 2002), could be explored by expanding the model examined here, along with other indicators of negative and positive functioning, including psychological well-being (e.g., personal growth; purpose in life; Ryff 1991) and so…”

“To obtain a comprehensive picture of participants’ mental conditions, assessment of PTSS was combined with evaluation of positive mental health following the Dual Continua Model theory (Keyes, 2002, 2007) and related operationalizations, that were adopted in this study to assess mental health.”

“…of these are for example, Ryff’s psychological wellbeing model Ryff (1989, 2018), the self-determination theory of Deci and Ryan (1985, 2000), Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build model Fredrickson (1998, 2001), Keyes’s model Keyes (2002, 2007) integrating hedonic and eudaimonic facets, and many more.”

“If employees’ passion for their task is harmonious, they will autonomously promote optimal functioning and protect against poor functioning (Keyes, 2007).”

“It also provided further recognition of the multifaceted nature of flourishing, as the highest expression of complete mental health and well-being (Keyes, 2002, 2007; Seligman, 2011).”

“Keyes, Shmotkin, and Ryff (2002) examined the quantitative relationships between measures of SWB and PWB and found that the two constructs were related, but also empirically distinct, and Keyes’ (2007) has continued to be an advocate for combining subjective well-being with psychological well-being.”

“Evidence that the diagnosis is valid has been presented by Keyes in several publications [4, 14, 54] and the diagnosis used in a considerable number of papers since.”

“Keyes (2007) proposes a model of complete mental health that is characterized by flourishing and the absence of mental illness.”

“Elsewhere, Keyes (2007) reported that ‘flourishing’ adults who were ‘completely mentally healthy’ reported the fewest absenteeism, the healthiest psychological functioning (including low helplessness, clear goals in life, high resilience and high intimacy), the lowest risk of cardiovascular…”

“Using positive psychology as an additional framework, in this study, the evaluation of well-being is conducted not only through a global measure of satisfaction with life but also using the concept of flourishing [38], because Seligman [20] stated that flourishing enhances the chance to have successful and rewarding c…”

“Furthermore, how many important indicators are missing from the model (Haroz et al., 2017; Huber et al., 2011; Keyes, 2007; van der Krieke et al., 2016)?”

“…flourishing life may involve, such a life involves psychological growth, psychological (eudaimonic) well-being and physical health (cf. Ryan and Deci, 2001; Keyes, 2007; Ryff Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 6 May 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 481 and Singer, 2008; Deci and Ryan, 2008a)4.”