Inhibition in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as indexed by heart rate change
Abstract
A stop signal paradigm in combination with heart rate measures were used to test the hypothesis of deficient inhibitory processing in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The authors measured the inhibitory process initiated by a stop signal by observing its success, its latency using a horse race model, and its impact on the timing of the heartbeat. Boys with ADHD performed well and showed appropriate psychophysiological changes. Inhibition latencies were longer in the boys with ADHD, particularly those with concurrent oppositional defiant disorder, than in the controls. Cardiac evidence suggested that greater preparation was associated with inhibition failures in controls, but not in the boys with ADHD. Boys with ADHD seem capable of attending carefully to control responses, but this control appears less effective and arguably is more effortful than in other boys.
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Control children showed longer IBIs preceding successful than failed inhibitions, but ADHD children did not show this effect.
“Furthermore, although control children showed longer IBIs (i.e., heart rate deceleration) preceding successful than failed inhibitions, suggesting greater autonomic control on trials when the response was successfully withheld, ADHD children did not show this effect.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Jennings et al., 1997
Jennings et al. (1997) found slower go RT and increased standard deviation of RTs (RTs-SD) in the ADHD group.
“Similarly, Jennings et al. (1997) measured HR IBIs with respect to a go-stimulus in a stop signal task and found slower go RT and increased standard deviation of RTs (RTs-SD) in the ADHD group.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Jennings et al., 1997
In Jennings et al. (1997a), non-significantly faster heart rate in ADHD than CTRL.
“Non-significantly faster heart rate in ADHD than CTRL”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Jennings et al., 1997 a
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“These findings are in agreement with other studies on the stop-signal paradigm (Jennings et al., 1997; Oosterlaan and Sergeant, 1996; Schachar and Logan, 1990; Schachar et al., 1995; Dimoska et al., 2003; Overtoom et al., 2002).”
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ResultOosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022650216978 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Crone, E. A., Richard Jennings, J., & Van Der Molen, M. W. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00115 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G. D., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00336 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Verbruggen, F., Logan, G. D., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.413 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Walshaw, P. D., Alloy, L. B., & Sabb, F. W. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9126-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“C=28 Jennings et al. (1997) ADHD=40 - .53 - - - - - - - - -”
Motor control and state regulation in children with ADHD: a cardiac response study
Börger, N., & van der Meere, J. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00040-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Developmental changes in inhibitory processing: evidence from psychophysiological measures
van der Molen, M. W. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00057-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Aase, H., & Sagvolden, T. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01468.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Schachar, R. J., Levin, H. S., Max, J. E., Purvis, K., & Chen, S. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2004.9651927 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Adams, Z. W., Roberts, W. M., Milich, R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022112 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Ability to Activate and Inhibit Speeded Responses: Separate Developmental Trends
Band, G. P. H., van der Molen, M. W., Overtoom, C. C. E., & Verbaten, M. N. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2538 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Karayanidis, F., Robaey, P., Bourassa, M., de Koning, D., Geoffroy, G., & PELLETIER, G. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3730319 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effective Gamification of the Stop-Signal Task: Two Controlled Laboratory Experiments
Friehs, M. A., Dechant, M., Vedress, S., Frings, C., & Mandryk, R. L. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17810 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“As response inhibition has been consistently associated with certain disorders, it has been proposed that response inhibition capabilities can be used as a form of objective diagnostic indicator, especially in ADHD but also in other disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [60,67-69].”
BackgroundInfluentialResponse Inhibition and Measures of Psychopathology: A Dimensional Analysis
Kooijmans, R., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2000) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.6.3.175.3154 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Some studies, however, found no significant differences (Daugherty et al., 1993) or had inconclusive results (e.g., Jennings et al., 1996).”
ResultVan der Meere, J., Marzocchi, G. M., & De Meo, T. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2801_1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pimping inhibition: Anodal tDCS enhances stop-signal reaction time.
Friehs, M. A., & Frings, C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000579 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Inhibition and Mental Effort in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Gaultney, J. F., Kipp, K., Weinstein, J., & McNeill, J. (1999) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1023/a:1021890919601 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“112 Jennings et al., (1997) . In their study, the behavioral inhibition performance of ADHD boys using a stop-signal method indicated that they were capable of inhibitory control, but that the implementation of that control was more effortful (as indicated by changes in cardiac rate) for boys with ADHD.”
MethodEffects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on reactive response inhibition
Friehs, M. A., Frings, C., & Hartwigsen, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.013 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…is also key to increase the current understanding of disorders with impaired response inhibition and ultimately improve treatment options disorders such as attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder, pathological gambling and certain eating disorders (Jennings et al., 1997; Lawrence et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResponse Inhibition After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Children: Impairment and Recovery
Leblanc, N., Chen, S., Swank, P. R., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., Dennis, M., Max, J. E., Levin, H. S., & Schachar, R. J. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2803_5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500151386 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“This should result in longer stop latencies for conflicting trials, which was actually observed in previous studies (Kramer et al., 1994; Ridderinkhof et al., 1999; Verbruggen et al., 2004) and the present one. Thus, a control system supporting inhibition could possibly explain the interactions between different inhib…”
ResultReduced response readiness delays stop signal inhibition
van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., van der Molen, M. W., & Logan, G. D. (2002) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00020-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Others crossed stopping with the inhibition of responses to target stimuli flanked by distractors assigned to the same or opposite response (Kramer et al., 1994; Ridderinkhof et al., 1999). These investigators found that responses to targets flanked by incompatible distractors were more difficult to inhibit than respo…”
No Evidence for Inhibitory Deficits or Altered Reward Processing in ADHD
Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712473179 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jarrett, M. A., & Hilton, D. C. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch10 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Breaux, R. P., Griffith, S. F., & Harvey, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0140-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dekkers, T. J., van Rentergem, J. A. A., Koole, A., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Popma, A., Bexkens, A., Stoffelsen, R., Diekmann, A., & Huizenga, H. M. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1006-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Somsen, R. J. M., Jennings, J. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00241.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Assessing inhibitory control: A revised approach to the stop signal task
Carter, J. D., Farrow, M., Silberstein, R. B., Stough, C. K. K., Tucker, A., & Pipingas, A. (2003) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470300600402 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Huizenga, H. M., van Bers, B. M. C. W., Plat, J., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Looking before you leap: A theory of motivated control of action
Liddle, E. B., Scerif, G., Hollis, C. P., Batty, M. J., Groom, M. J., Mario Liotti, A., & Liddle, P. F. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.03.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gomez, R. (2003) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470300600303 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Are high-impulsive and high risk-taking people more motor disinhibited in the presence of incentive?
Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Andrés-Pueyo, A. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00068-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Jennings et al. (1997) concluded that motor inhibition ability in children with ADHD was appropriate and differences between studies could be due to differences in sample composition and the method used to set stop-signal delays.”
MethodNew perspectives on self-control development: Highlighting the role of intentional inhibition
Schel, M. A., Scheres, A., & Crone, E. A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., & Earls, F. J. (1999) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1021936210844 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“For some individuals who manifest externalizing psychopathology, maturation in these dimensions may be different than in those without such difficulties (Barkley, 1997; Jennings, van der Molen, Pelham, Brock-Debski, & Hoza, 1997; Mischel, Shoda, & Rodriguez, 1989; Pennington & Bennetto, 1993; Pennington & Ozonoff, 199…”
BackgroundThe Effect of Reinforcement Variables on Inhibition in Children with ADHD
Michel, J. A., Kerns, K. A., & Mateer, C. A. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911270 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“On the other hand, significant differences in the ability to inhibit may continue to exist in the presence of reinforcement ( Oosterlaan & Sergeant, 1998 ), particularly in younger children ( Jennings, Van der Molen, Pelham, Debski, & Hoza, 1997 ).”
BackgroundAdditive factors analysis of inhibitory processing in the stop-signal paradigm
van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.06.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Petrie, J., Whitfield, M. F., Oberlander, T. F., Synnes, A. R., & GRUNAU, R. E. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20597 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Novel-word learning, executive control and working memory: A bilingual advantage
Warmington, M., Kandru-Pothineni, S., & Hitch, G. J. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891800041x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Castellanos, F. X. (2002) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2002.4.4/fxcastellanos · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Electrodermal and Cardiovascular Manifestations of Emotions in Children.
Sohn, J., Sokhadze, E. M., & Watanuki, S. (2001) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.20.55 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“, aggress ion, depression, attention deficit and hyperactivity etc.) (Cole et al., 1996; Culbert and Bonfolio, 1998; Jennings et al., 1997; Zahn and Kruesi, 1993).”
BackgroundMethodHyperactivity in Children: A Focus on Genetic Research and Psychological Theories
Kuntsi, J., & Stevenson, J. (2000) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009580718281 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Urben, S., der Linden, M. V., & Barisnikov, K. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02037.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In contrast, the majority of studies not reporting developmental trends in response inhibition used the fixed-SSD method, but also a small sample size (Band et al., 2000; Jennings et al., 1997; Johnstone et al., 2007; Schachar & Logan, 1990).”
BackgroundMethodKim, H. J., Yang, J.-W., & Lee, M. (2015) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2015.56.5.1365 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Children diagnosed with ADHD show an appropriate capacity for cognitive inhibition; however, the regulation of response processes requires greater attention in children with ADHD than in healthy control children.(8) Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple and non-invasive method for evaluating autonomic nervous syste…”
MethodBellato, A., Arora, I., Kochhar, P., Hollis, C. P., & Groom, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720972793 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The duration of response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm varies with response force
van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Boxtel, G. J. M. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2003) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(03)00062-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The stop-signal paradigm has indicated deficiencies in inhibitory control in clinical groups, including ADHD children ( Jennings, van der Molen, Pelham, Brock, & Hoza, 1997; Oosterlaan & Sergeant, 1998; Overtoom et al., 2002; Schachar & Logan, 1990).”
BackgroundInhibitory Control and Drug Abuse Prevention
Bardo, M., Fishbein, D., & Milich, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2004) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-004-0177-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The SSRT has already proven its usefulness with different response modalities, like hand and foot movements (De Jong, Coles, & Logan, 1995), and in different populations such as children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Jennings, van der Molen, Pelham, Debski, & Hoza, 1997 ) and older adults (K…”
MethodLeiva, A., Andrés, P., Servera, M., Verbruggen, F., & Parmentier, F. B. R. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000163 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Williams et al., 1999; but see Jennings et al., 1997; Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 1998; Schachar & Logan, 1990).”
Tamm, L., & Carlson, C. L. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706289946 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Crone, E. A. (2005) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Animal Models of Behavioral Processes that Underlie the Occurrence of Impulsive Behaviors in Humans
Richards, J. B., Gancarz, A. M., & Hawk, L. W. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8_2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Stop Task performance is impaired in children with ADHD (Brandeis et al. 1998; Jennings et al. 1992, 1997; Oosterlaan and Sergeant 1996, 1998a, b; Oosterlaan et al. 1998; Quay 1997; Rubia et al. 1998, 1999; Tannock et al. 1989, 1995).”
BackgroundA Developmental Investigation of Stop-Signal Inhibition
Dimoska, A., Johnstone, S. J., Chiswick, D., Barry, R. J., & Clarke, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Developmental change in intentional action and inhibition: A heart rate analysis
Schel, M. A., Windhorst, D. A., van der Molen, M. W., & Crone, E. A. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bink, M., Popma, A., Bongers, I. L., Boxtel, G. J. M. V., Denissen, A. J. M., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1929-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Perrin, P. B., Case, K. H., Byrd, D. L., Snipes, D. J., Anderson, K. L., & Berg, W. K. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-013-0118-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“D2 can also be seen as a result of motor inhibition at the central nervous system level (Jennings et al. 1997), as a participant must delay motor response until S2.”
BackgroundKetch, K. M., Brodeur, D. A., & McGee, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.10.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leonard, M. A. (2005) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sex, ADHD symptoms, and CHRNA5 genotype influence reaction time but not response inhibition
Schote, A. B., Sayk, C., Pabst, K., Meier, J. K., Frings, C., & Meyer, J. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24342 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jennings, J. R., van der Molen, M. W., Pelham, W., Debski, K. B., & Hoza, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 308-318
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2127784346
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (48157, 40418, 47390)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inhibitory control, stop-signal task, heart rate, oppositional defiant disorder, boys, psychophysiology, effortful control
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Heart Rate, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Motor Skills, Reaction Time
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