Does response variability predict distractibility among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Open accessAbstract
Increased intraindividual variability in response time (RTSD) has been observed reliably in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has often been used as a measure of inattention. RTSD is assumed to reflect attentional lapses and distractibility, though evidence for the validity of this connection is lacking. We assessed whether RTSD is an indicator of inattention by comparing RTSD on the stop-signal task (SST) with performance on the delayed oculomotor response (DOR) task, a measure of distractibility. Participants included 30 adults with ADHD and 28 controls. Participants completed the SST and the DOR task, which measured subjects' ability to maintain attention and avoid distraction by inhibiting reflexive saccades toward distractors. On the SST, the ADHD group was slower to inhibit than were controls, indicating poorer inhibitory control in ADHD. The ADHD group also displayed slower reaction times (RTs), greater RTSD, and more omission errors. On the DOR task, the ADHD group displayed more premature saccades (i.e., greater distractibility) than did controls. Greater variability in RT was associated with increased distraction on the DOR task, but only in ADHD participants. Results suggest that RTSD is linked to distractibility among adults with ADHD and support the use of RTSD as a valid measure of inattention in ADHD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increased reaction time variability has been documented in both pediatric and adult ADHD samples.
“In addition, increased RTV has been documented in both pediatric [16,17] and adult ADHD samples [18,19].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
Reaction time standard deviation almost always correlates highly with mean reaction time, making speed and variability difficult to distinguish.
“Unfortunately, RTSD almost always correlates quite highly (e.g., r00.90; [17]) with the mean reaction time [18,40,41] that 1 cannot distinguish speed and variability limiting the clarity of the psychological or neurophysiological interpretation.”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · see citing works
On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control
Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.295 · Cited by 2,590 · see citing works
Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language
Carr, T. H., & Dagenbach, D. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
Klein, R. M. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01452-2 · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Maturation of Cognitive Processes From Late Childhood to Adulthood
Luna, B., Garver, K. E., Urban, T. A., Lazar, N. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
(1994) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.4.348 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Guitton, D., Buchtel, H. A., & Douglas, R. M. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235863 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users' guide to the stop signal paradigm
Logan, G. D. (1994) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Schizophrenics Show Spatial Working Memory Deficits
Park, S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120063009 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?
Nigg, J. T. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.005 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
ADHD in adults: what the science says
Barkley, R., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5266 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G. D., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963097002072 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Impaired Attention, Genetics, and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia
Cornblatt, B. A., & Keilp, J. G. (1994) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/20.1.31 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Age-related performance of human subjects on saccadic eye movement tasks
Munoz, D. P., Broughton, J. R., Goldring, J. E., & Armstrong, I. T. (1998) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050473 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Tannock, R. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00304 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Lijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.216 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
The mind's eye : cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research
Hyönä, J., Radach, R. R., & Deubel, H. (2003) · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Leth-Steensen, C., King Elbaz, Z., & Douglas, V. I. (2000) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00019-6 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
What Is the Prevalence of Adult ADHD? Results of a Population Screen of 966 Adults
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705281478 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Quay, H. C. (1997) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025799122529 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Girls With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Berquin, P. C., Walter, J. M., Sharp, W. S., Tran, T., Vaituzis, A. C., Blumenthal, J. D., Nelson, J. E., Bastain, T. M., et al. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.289 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Lateral Inhibitory Interactions in the Intermediate Layers of the Monkey Superior Colliculus
Munoz, D. P., & Istvan, P. J. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.3.1193 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender
Rucklidge, J. J., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00227 · Cited by 426 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, a number of studies have found a significant relationship between RTSD, but not RTmean, and ADHD diagnosis (Nigg, 1999; Jennings, van der Molen, Pelham, Debski, & Hoza, 1997; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002).”
BackgroundIntra-Subject Variability in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Klein, C., Wendling, K., Huettner, P., Ruder, H., & Peper, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.003 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Sparks, D. L. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90075-6 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Schachar, R. J., Tannock, R., MARRIOTT, M. J., & Logan, G. D. (1995) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01447206 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Mohler, C. W., & Wurtz, R. H. (1977) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1977.40.1.74 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
On the linear relation between the mean and the standard deviation of a response time distribution.
Wagenmakers, E., & Brown, S. D. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.830 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
What causes ADHD?: understanding what goes wrong and why
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1816 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Munoz, D. P., Armstrong, I. T., Hampton, K. A., & Moore, K. D. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00192.2003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Influence of attentional capture on oculomotor control.
Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E., & Zelinsky, G. J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.6.1595 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Executive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains
Nigg, J. T., Stavro, G., Ettenhofer, M., Hambrick, D. Z., Miller, T., & Henderson, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.706 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Role of the rostral superior colliculus in active visual fixation and execution of express saccades
Munoz, D. P., & Wurtz, R. H. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.4.1000 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Temporal information processing in ADHD: Findings to date and new methods
Toplak, M. E., Dockstader, C., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.018 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Drug Abuse as a Problem of Impaired Control: Current Approaches and Findings
Fillmore, M. T. (2003) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582303257007 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationNigg, J. T. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021980002473 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Vaurio, R. G., Simmonds, D. J., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.022 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Saccadic Inhibition in Voluntary and Reflexive Saccades
Reingold, E. M., & Stampe, D. M. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317361903 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1996) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01448371 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.15.2.211 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-ratings of ADHD symptomas in auts II: reliability, validity, and diagnostic sensitivity
Erhardt, D., Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K., Parker, J. D. A., & Sitarenios, G. (1999) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479900300304 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Aman, C. J., Ralph J., J. R., & Pennington, B. F. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.956 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
On your mark, get set: Brainstem circuitry underlying saccadic initiation
Munoz, D. P., Dorris, M. C., Paré, M., & Everling, S. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-78-11-934 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Links Between Systems of Inhibition From Infancy to Preschool Years
Aksan, N. S., & Kochanska, G. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00752.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Covert shifts of attention precede involuntary eye movements
Peterson, M. S., Kramer, A. F., & Irwin, D. E. (2004) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194888 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A Review of the Validity of Laboratory Cognitive Tasks Used to Assess Symptoms of ADHD
Nichols, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2004) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1023/b:chud.0000020681.06865.97 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Uebel, H., Albrecht, B., Asherson, P., Börger, N. A., Butler, L., Chen, W., Christiansen, H., Heise, A., Kuntsi, J., Schäfer, U., et al. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02139.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Decomposing Intra-Subject Variability in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Di Martino, A., Ghaffari, M., Curchack, J., Reiss, P., Hyde, C., Vannucci, M., Petkova, E., Klein, D. F., & Castellanos, F. X. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
fMRI of Intrasubject Variability in ADHD: Anomalous Premotor Activity With Prefrontal Compensation
Suskauer, S. J., Simmonds, D. J., Caffo, B. S., Denckla, M. B., Pekar, J. J., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181825b1f · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Functional brain correlates of response time variability in children
SIMMONDS, D., FOTEDAR, S., SUSKAUER, S., PEKAR, J., DENCKLA, M., & MOSTOFSKY, S. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Continuous Performance Test Results of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., & Erhardt, D. (1998) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.12.2.155.2000 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lovejoy, D. W., Ball, J. D., KEATS, M., Stutts, M. L., SPAIN, E. H., Janda, L. H., & Janusz, J. A. (1999) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617799533055 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Klein, C., Raschke, A., & Brandenbusch, A. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Inhibitory processes in adults with persistent childhood onset ADHD.
Nigg, J. T., Butler, K. M., Huang‐Pollock, C. L., & Henderson, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.153 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Eye Movement Task Related to Frontal Lobe Functioning in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder
Ross, R. G., Hommer, D. W., Breiger, D., Varley, C. K., & Radant, A. D. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00013 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rommelse, N., Altink, M., Oosterlaan, J., Beem, L., Buschgens, C., Buitelaar, J., & Sergeant, J. (2007) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-007-9186-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Inhibition in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as indexed by heart rate change
Jennings, J. R., van der Molen, M. W., Pelham, W., Debski, K. B., & Hoza, B. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.308 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ross, R. G., Harris, J. G., D, A. O. M., & Radant, A. D. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00153-0 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: comparisons with alcohol intoxication.
Weafer, J., Camarillo, D., Fillmore, M., Milich, R., & Marczinski, C. (2008) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.251 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibitory deficits in ocular motor behavior in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Feifel, D., Farber, R., Clementz, B. A., Perry, W., & Anllo‐Vento, L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.019 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Abroms, B. D., Gottlob, L. R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0524-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationFamilial transmission of two independent saccadic abnormalities in schizophrenia
Ross, R. G., Harris, J. G., D, A. O. M., Radant, A. D., Adler, L. E., & Freedman, R. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00133-3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Derefinko, K. J., Adams, Z. W., Milich, R., Fillmore, M. T., Lorch, E. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9207-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMental resources, processing speed, and inhibitory control: a developmental perspective
Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (1997) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(96)05230-1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Online Story Comprehension among Children with ADHD: Which Core Deficits are Involved?
Flory, K., Milich, R. S., Lorch, E. P., Hayden, A., Strange, C., & Welsh, R. J. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9070-7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationOculomotor capture and Inhibition of Return: Evidence for an oculomotor suppression account of IOR
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2002) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-002-0098-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Attentional versus motor inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Carr, L. A., Nigg, J. T., & Henderson, J. M. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.430 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Oculomotor inhibition in children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Hanisch, C., Radach, R. R., Holtkamp, K., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2005) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0344-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sustained and Focused Attention Deficits in Adult ADHD
Marchetta, N. D. J., Hurks, P., de Sonneville, L. D., Krabbendam, L., & Jolles, J. (2008) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707305108 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Response Variability in Attention-Deficit Disorders
Gilden, D. L., & Hancock, H. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01982.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Disruption of Reflexive Attention and Eye Movements in an Individual with a Collicular Lesion
Sereno, A. B., Briand, K. A., Amador, S. C., & Szapiel, S. V. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390590929298 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brotman, M. A., Rooney, M. H., Skup, M., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a27527 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Increased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in adults with ADHD.
Weafer, J. J., Fillmore, M. T., & Milich, R. S. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0015418 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Exogenous and Endogenous Saccades and Attention
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451020-4/50002-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Attentional blink in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Armstrong, I. T., & Munoz, D. P. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1535-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ross, R. G., Heinlein, S., Zerbe, G. O., & Radant, A. D. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01437.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Young, S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00212-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fillmore, M. T., Milich, R. S., & Lorch, E. P. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000297 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a Measure for Adolescent Self-Report of Attention Deficit Disorder Symptoms
Robin, A. L., & Vandermay, S. J. (1996) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199608000-00001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Story comprehension impairments in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Lorch, E. P., Berthiaume, K. S., Milich, R. S., & van den Broek, P. (2007) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-group Differences in Inhibiting an Oculomotor Response
Gottlob, L. R., Fillmore, M. T., & Abroms, B. D. (2006) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580600878752 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFactor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Marzi CA Denes G Pizzamiglio L Neuropsychology of attention Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 1999 509 524 Psychology Press Hove, East Sussex, UK
- Shimojo S Hikosaka O Miyauchi S Daniel G Koriat A Automatic and controlled attention detected by the line motion effect Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application 1999 145 163 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
- Taylor TL Klein RM On the causes and effects of inhibition of return Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1998 5 625 643
- Weiss M Hechtman LT Weiss G ADHD in adulthood: A guide to current theory, diagnosis, and treatment 1999 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review
Tamm, L., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., O'Brien, K. M., Hawk, L. W., & Epstein, J. N. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0138-5 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Fleeson, W., & Law, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039517 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3141-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Marshall, P., Hoelzle, J., & Nikolas, M. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1696409 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Linking Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control Using Manual and Oculomotor Response Inhibition Tasks
Roberts, W., Fillmore, M., & Milich, R. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationBerger, I., & Cassuto, H. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.012 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Using Symptom Validity Tests to Detect Malingered ADHD in College Students
Jasinski, L. J., Harp, J. P., Berry, D. T. R., Shandera‐Ochsner, A. L., Koehl, L., & Ranseen, J. D. (2011) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.630024 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Saccadic eye movement applications for psychiatric disorders
Bittencourt, J., Velasques, Teixeira, Basile, Salles, Nardi, Budde, H., Cagy, Piedade, & Ribeiro, P. F. M. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s45931 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Increased ongoing neural variability in ADHD
Gonen-Yaacovi, G., Arazi, A., Shahar, N., Karmon-Presser, A., Haar, S., Meiran, N., & Dinstein, I. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.010 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD
Cassuto, H., Ben-Simon, A., & Berger, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00805 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Onandia‐Hinchado, I., Pardo-Palenzuela, N., & Díaz-Orueta, U. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Intraindividual Variability in Inhibitory Function in Adults with ADHD – An Ex-Gaussian Approach
Gmehlin, D., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Walther, S., Debelak, R., Rentrop, M., Westermann, C., Sharma, A., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Tucha, O. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112298 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Senkowski, D., Ziegler, T., Singh, M., Heinz, A., He, J., Silk, T., & Lorenz, R. C. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09592-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Inferior frontal cortex activity is modulated by reward sensitivity and performance variability
Fuentes‐Claramonte, P., Ávila, C., Rodríguez‐Pujadas, A., Costumero, V., Ventura‐Campos, N., Bustamante, J. C., Rosell‐Negre, P., & Barrós‐Loscertales, A. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Grane, V. A., Endestad, T., Pinto, A. F., & Solbakk, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115227 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Basic and complex cognitive functions in Adult ADHD
Mohamed, S. M. H., Butzbach, M., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Weisbrod, M., Aschenbrenner, S., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256228 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Impact of Financial Reward Contingencies on Cognitive Function Profiles in Adult ADHD
Marx, I., Höpcke, C., Berger, C., Wandschneider, R., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fassbender, C., Scangos, K. W., Lesh, T. A., & Carter, C. S. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0252-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Garner, A. A., Mrug, S., Hodgens, B., & Patterson, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711431456 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hirsch, O., & Christiansen, H. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715596577 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
ERP Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Treatment-Naïve Adult ADHD
Grane, V. A., Brunner, J. F., Endestad, T., Aasen, I. E., Kropotov, J. D., Knight, R. T., & Solbakk, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159833 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Basic processes as foundations of cognitive impairment in adult ADHD
Butzbach, M., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. M. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02049-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bøen, R., Ferschmann, L., Vijayakumar, N., Øverbye, K., Fjell, A. M., Espeseth, T., & Tamnes, C. K. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Behavioral Inhibition and Addiction
Fillmore, M., & Weafer, J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118384404.ch6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationReaction Time Variability and Related Brain Activity in Methamphetamine Psychosis
Fassbender, C., Lesh, T. A., Ursu, S., & Salo, R. E. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.028 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hsieh, S.-S., Chang, Y.-K., Fang, C.-L., & Hung, T.-M. (2016) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0282 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The effects of varenicline on attention and inhibitory control among treatment-seeking smokers
Rhodes, J. D., Hawk, L. W., Ashare, R. L., Schlienz, N. J., & Mahoney, M. C. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2700-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gu, C., Liu, Z., & Woltering, S. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac054 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
den Bos, I. F., & van de Weijer‐Bergsma, E. (2019) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2019.1682170 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Soncin, S., Brien, D. C., Coe, B. C., Marin, A., & Munoz, D. P. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000158 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A novel approach to intra-individual performance variability in ADHD
Bluschke, A., Zink, N., Mückschel, M., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01555-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factorial Structure and Validity of the Quantified Behavior Test Plus (Qb+©)
Hirsch, O., & Christiansen, H. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116638426 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chamorro, Y., Betz, L. T., Philipsen, A., Kambeitz, J. P., & Ettinger, U. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dinu, L. M., Singh, S. N., Baker, N. S., Georgescu, A. L., Singer, B. F., Overton, P. G., & Dommett, E. J. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020129 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fuentes‐Claramonte, P., Ávila, C., Rodríguez‐Pujadas, A., Costumero, V., Ventura‐Campos, N., Bustamante, J. C., Rosell‐Negre, P., & Barrós‐Loscertales, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.067 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Deiber, M., Ammann, C., Hasler, R., Colin, J., Perroud, N. A., & Ros, T. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Generalization of the worst performance rule across the lifespan
Fernandez, S., Fagot, D., Dirk, J., & Ribaupierre, A. D. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.10.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Azizi, A., Drikvand, F. M., & Sepahvandi, M. A. (2018) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-018-9410-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Changes in BOLD variability are linked to the development of variable response inhibition
Thompson, A., Schel, M. A., & Steinbeis, N. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117691 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Networks of Neuropsychological Functions in the Clinical Evaluation of Adult ADHD
Guo, N., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Koerts, J., Tucha, O. M., Scherbaum, N., & Müller, B. W. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221118673 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Intact Context-Dependent Modulation of Conflict Monitoring in Childhood ADHD
Bluschke, A., Chmielewski, W. X., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716643388 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Salthouse, T. A. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112438744 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ueda, R., Takeichi, H., Kaga, Y., Oguri, M., Saito, Y., Nakagawa, E., Maegaki, Y., & Inagaki, M. (2019) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2019.11.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Saccadic movement deficiencies in adults with ADHD tendencies
Lee, Y. J., Lee, S., Chang, M.-S., & Kwak, H.-W. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0174-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Orrego, N. T., Pineda, D., & Uribe, L. H. (2012) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5405.2011144 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prefrontal and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors correlate with fMRI BOLD activation during stopping
Pfeifer, P., Sebastian, A., Buchholz, H. G., Kaller, C. P., Gründer, G., Fehr, C., Schreckenberger, M., & Tüscher, O. (2021) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-021-00491-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rosell‐Negre, P., Bustamante, J. C., Fuentes‐Claramonte, P., Costumero, V., Llácer, J. J. L., & Barrós‐Loscertales, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167400 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, S., Choi, J.-S., Kim, K., Kim, J. W., Kim, S., Kang, T., Kim, J., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, B., Han, D., et al. (2016) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2016.27.4.236 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dipnall, L. M., Hourani, D., Darling, S., Anderson, V., Sciberras, E., & Silk, T. J. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is Intraindividual Variability Different between Unimanual and Bimanual Speed-Accuracy Movements?
Mickevičienė, D., Skurvydas, A., & Karanauskienė, D. (2015) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/25.pms.120v14x3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Toghi, A., Mohammadzadeh, A., Alemi, Z., & Banaraki, A. K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07415-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder disrupts selective mechanisms of action
Coubard, O. A. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Azizi, A., Drikvand, F. M., & Sepahvani, M. A. (2020) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.11.4.1211.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Water, E., Demurie, E., Mies, G. W., & Scheres, A. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2268768 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intraindividual Variability and Neuropsychological Functioning Across the Adult Life Span
Vandermorris, S., & Tan, J. E. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9780203113066.ch8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dinu, L. M., Singh, S. N., Baker, N. S., Georgescu, A. L., Overton, P. G., & Dommett, E. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Behavior, neuropsychology and fMRI
Bennett, M. R., Hatton, S. N., Hermens, D. F., & Lagopoulos, J. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kim, J.-S., Jeong, Y. J., Kim, S., Jun, S. J., Park, J.-Y., Hoe, H., & Song, J.-H. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/73408 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, Q., Xu, W., Li, J., Ji, F., Dong, Q., Chen, C., & Li, J. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac472 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Facial Affect Recognition and Executive Function Abnormalities in ADHD Subjects: An ERP Study
Vosough, S., Candrian, G., Kasper, J., Rehim, H. A., Eich, D., Müller, A. F., & Jäncke, L. (2024) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594241304492 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
García, T., Rodríguez, C., Castro, P. G., Álvarez, L., & Cueli, M. (2014) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud · doi:10.70478/rips.2014.05.01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurowissenschaftliche Erklärungsansätze und –modelle
Kilian, B., & Sidiropoulos, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intraindividual Variability in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Ex-Gaussian Approach.
Ali, S., Karr, J., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Macoun, S. J. (2024) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01722-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES, DRIVING PERFORMANCE, AND ACUTE RESPONSES TO ALCOHOL IN DUI OFFENDERS
Roberts, W. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.257 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Relationships Between Distractibility and Eye Tracking During Online Learning
Chen, S., Zhao, Y.-Q., Wu, T., & Li, Y. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80285-1_31 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intraindividual Variability and Neuropsychological Functioning Across the Adult Life Span
Rast, P., & Hofer, S. M. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203113066-19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Role of the Dorsal Attention Network in Sustained Attention With rTMS
Okabe, H. (2016) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An examination of two methods of measuring inconsistency
Khan, R. A. (2012) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)
Ability to use the wait-and-see strategy in pathological gamblers
Kertzman, S., Vainder, M., Vishne, T. H., Aizer, A., Kotler, M., & Dannon, P. N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.038
Behavioral variability measured using Likert and frequency based response formats
Khan, R. A., & Biderman, M. D. (2013)
Attention and ADHD: Measurement and Medication
Saliba, K. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Butzbach, M. (2022) · doi:10.33612/diss.241429390
Cognitive functions of adults with ADHD
Guo, N. (2023) · doi:10.33612/diss.702628729
Therapist Reported Cognitive Questionnaire For Assessing Cognition In Patients With Adhd
Shivani, S., Raghav, D., & Sharma, S. K. (2024) · Journal Of Advanced Zoology · doi:10.53555/jaz.v45i1.4758
Awada, J., Fernandez, N. B., Siffredi, V., Liverani, M. C., Miehlbradt, J., Borradori-Tolsa, C., & Leuchter, R. H. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.24314449
dos Santos, R. M., Marinho, V., de Moraes, G. S. F., Val, S. N. D. A., Carvalho, A. C. R. D. L., de Souza, L. P., Silva‐Néto, R. P., Bastos, V. H. D. V., & TEIXEIRA, S. S. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13030337
Blumberg, M. J., Esterman, M. S., Johnston, K., Wattie, N., Brough, J., Atkison, R. R., Baker, J., & Wojtowicz, M. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1765258
Awada, J., Fernandez, N., Siffredi, V., Miehlbradt, J., Borradori-Tolsa, C., Liverani, M. C., & Leuchter, R. H. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71516
- Authors
- Adams, Z. W., Roberts, W. M., Milich, R., & Fillmore, M. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 427-436
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- PMC
- PMC3115498
- OpenAlex
- W1971681873
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA021027; DA005312)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, distractibility, inattention, stop-signal task, inhibitory control, adult ADHD, reaction time
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Eye Movements, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Eye Movement Measurements, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
