The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development.
Abstract
In this study of Oklahoma's universal pre-K program, the authors relied on a strict birthday eligibility criterion to compare "young" kindergarten children who just completed pre-K to "old" pre-K children just beginning pre-K. This regression-discontinuity design reduces the threat of selection bias. Their sample consisted of 1,567 pre-K children and 1,461 kindergarten children who had just completed pre-K. The authors estimated the impact of the pre-K treatment on Woodcock-Johnson Achievement test scores. The authors found test impacts of 3.00 points (0.79 of the standard deviation for the control group) for the Letter-Word Identification score, 1.86 points (0.64 of the standard deviation of the control group) for the Spelling score, and 1.94 points (0.38 of the standard deviation of the control group) for the Applied Problems score. Hispanic, Black, White, and Native American children all benefit from the program, as do children in diverse income brackets, as measured by school lunch eligibility status. The authors conclude that Oklahoma's universal pre-K program has succeeded in enhancing the school readiness of a diverse group of children.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes From the Abecedarian Project
Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2002) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05 · Cited by 1,144
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.18.2339 · Cited by 846
Inequality in Preschool Education and School Readiness
Magnuson, K. A., Meyers, M. K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2004) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312041001115 · Cited by 691 · cited 1×
“Kindergarten students who had attended a preschool or child care center also experienced improvements, but the pre-K participants’ improvements were more substantial ( Magnuson, Meyers, Ruhm, & Waldfogel, 2003 ).1 Finally, evidence from a prior evaluation of Tulsa, Oklahoma’s pre-K program that used a locally develope…”
The Relation of Child Care to Cognitive and Language Development
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00202 · Cited by 530
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- 10.1207/S15327671ESPR0802_2 · DOI
- Barnett, 2004, The state of preschool: 2004 state preschool yearbook.
- 10.2307/1602366 · DOI · Paper page
- Barnett, 1998, Long-term effects on cognitive development and school success., 11
- 10.2307/1131410 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.1076921 · DOI · Paper page
- Cook, 1979, Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings.
- Currie, 1995, Does Head Start make a difference?, The American Economic Review, 85, 341
- 10.1257/00028280260344560 · DOI · Paper page
- Gilliam, 2004, What can be learned from state-funded preschool initiatives?: A data-based approach to the Head Start devolution debate., 477
- 10.1016/S0885-2006(01)00073-4 · DOI · Paper page
- Goodson, 1992, Analysis report: Predicting quality of early childhood classrooms. Observational Study of Early Childhood Programs.
- Gormley, 2005, Promoting school readiness in Oklahoma: An evaluation of Tulsa's pre-K program., The Journal of Human Resources, 40, 533, 10.3368/jhr.XL.3.533 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2005.00092.x · DOI
- Henry, 2003, Report of the findings from the Early Childhood Study: 2001-02.
- Henry, 2001, Pre-K Longitudinal Study: Findings from the 1999-2000 School Year.
- 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00653.x · DOI · Paper page
- Love, (in press). Early Head Start and early development.
- Love, 2002, Making a difference in the lives of infants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of early Head Start (Report prepared for the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).
- Magnuson, 2004, Does prekindergarten improve school preparation and performance?, 10.3386/w10452 · DOI
- Mather, 2001, Examiner's manual, "Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Test-III.
- 10.1001/jama.277.2.126 · doi:10.1001/jama.277.2.126 · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-8624.00617 · DOI · Paper page
- 1999, Child outcomes when child care center classes meet recommended standards for quality., American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1072, 10.2105/AJPH.89.7.1072 · DOI
- 10.1111/1467-9280.00438 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-8624.00364 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1131397 · DOI
- Pianta, (in press). The social ecology of the transition to school: Classrooms, families, and children.
- Ramey, 1992, Infant Health and Development Program for low birth weight, premature infants: Program elements, family participation, and child intelligence., Pediatrics, 89, 454, 10.1542/peds.89.3.454 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1207/S1532480XADS0401_1 · DOI · Paper page
- Schweinhart, 1993, The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through age 27., Vol. 10
- 2004, Prekindergarten: Four selected states expanded access by relying on schools and existing providers of early education and care to provide services.
- 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00670.x · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
(2009) · Cited by 2,013
Burger, K. (2010) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.11.001 · Cited by 710
Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12099 · Cited by 701
Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276
Preschool Programs Can Boost School Readiness
Gormley, W. T., Phillips, D., & Gayer, T. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1156019 · Cited by 253
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gormley, W. T., Gayer, T., Phillips, D., & Dawson, B.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 872-884
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2121410521
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 159.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.872
- The paper
- Gormley, W. T., Gayer, T., Phillips, D., & Dawson, B. (2005). The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.872
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.