The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Abstract
We review psychometric and other evidence relevant to mixed anxiety-depression. Properties of anxiety and depression measures, including the convergent and discriminant validity of self- and clinical ratings, and interrater reliability, are examined in patient and normal samples. Results suggest that anxiety and depression can be reliably and validly assessed; moreover, although these disorders share a substantial component of general affective distress, they can be differentiated on the basis of factors specific to each syndrome. We also review evidence for these specific factors, examining the influence of context and scale content on ratings, factor analytic studies, and the role of low positive affect in depression. With these data, we argue for a tripartite structure consisting of general distress, physiological hyperarousal (specific anxiety), and anhedonia (specific depression), and we propose a diagnosis of mixed anxiety-depression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In contrast, a cluster referred to as anxious arousal, characterized by physiological hyperarousal, is specific to anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991).”
From Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression (2013) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“According to the tripartite model of Clark and Watson 139 , neuroticism is a core risk factor shared across anxiety and depressive disorders, with the added component of anxious arousal being more specific to anxiety conditions, and anhedonia being more characteristic of depression 140 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [139]
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and low mood correlate highly but there is evidence that they are distinct constructs.”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“In the tripartite model of depression and anxiety, depressive symptoms are generally characterized by high negative and low positive affect”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“low positive affect (anhedonia) plus negative affect is present in depression”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“According to the tripartite model of depression and anxiety, negative affect is common to both”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“high physiological arousal plus negative affect is present in anxiety alone”
From Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“cross-sectional covariation of emotional disorders can be accounted for by a small set of latent variables, including high negative affectivity/neuroticism, low positive affectivity, and high autonomic arousal.[26][27][28][29]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“the option to focus assessment at the level of the internalizing spectrum allows researchers and clinicians to account for the nonspecific emotional and cognitive symptoms of internalizing disorders, thus capturing the shared feature of negative affectivity [25, 26]”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation of positive and negative emotions.”
From Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In tripartite structural theories of internalizing disorders (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1991), the development of anxiety and depression can be understood in terms of a general factor (e.g., negative affect or neuroticism) that confers risk for both disorders, as well as disorder-specific factors, such as anxious arousal or low positive affect, which specifically confer risk for anxiety or depression,”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“The depression-specific factor most commonly cited is low positive affect (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1991), which involves difficulty experiencing pleasure and reduced sensitivity to rewards.”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“but these emotional disorders can also be distinguished by physiological hyper-arousal (specific to anxiety) versus the absence of positive affect (specific to depression).”
From Personality traits and postnatal depression: The mediated role of postnatal anxiety and moderated role of type of birth. (2019) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1991
In the citing paper
“This model states that anxiety and depression share a common component of negative affect”
From Personality traits and postnatal depression: The mediated role of postnatal anxiety and moderated role of type of birth. (2019) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1991
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455
A self-rating depression scale
ZUNG, W. W. K. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008 · Cited by 9,813
Development of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness
Hamilton, M. (1967) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x · Cited by 8,410
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Endicott, J. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002 · Cited by 5,686
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Self-citationA Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders
Zung, W. W. K. (1971) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(71)71479-0 · Cited by 4,578
SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 3,800
A personality scale of manifest anxiety
Taylor, J. A. (1953) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056264 · Cited by 3,131
Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.234 · Cited by 3,030
Self-citationInfluence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,648
Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346 · Cited by 1,795
Self-citationCosta, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.853 · Cited by 1,675
(1985) · Cited by 1,630
Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1031 · Cited by 1,547
Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire
Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01178214 · Cited by 1,482
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Britton, P. G., & Savage, R. D. (1966) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-0087-3.50014-0 · Cited by 1,434
Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders
Tuma, A. H., & Maser, J. D. (1990) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199001000-00015 · Cited by 1,296
The experience and meta-experience of mood.
Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102 · Cited by 1,189
Toward a consensual structure of mood
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.98.2.219 · Cited by 1,170
Self-citationIssues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory
Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T., Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01186280 · Cited by 1,069
Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1020 · Cited by 1,060
Self-citationMaier, W., Buller, R., Philipp, M., & Heuser, I. (1988) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(88)90072-9 · Cited by 1,044
The inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings
Rush, A. J., Giles, D. E., Schlesser, M. A., Fulton, C. L., Weissenburger, J. E., & Burns, C. (1986) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(86)90060-0 · Cited by 908
Mood and the mundane: Relations between daily life events and self-reported mood.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.296 · Cited by 784 · cited 1×
“Briefly, only PA is related to diverse measures of social activity, exercise, and reports of pleasant events, whereas NA alone is correlated with health complaints, perceived stress, and unpleasant events (L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988, 1989; Watson, 1988a; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis.
Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.111 · Cited by 778
Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S., & Emmons, R. A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1253 · Cited by 743
Anxiety and depression : distinctive and overlapping features
Kendall, P. C., & Watson, D. (1989) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 697
Self-citationAffects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.489 · Cited by 678
Self-citationHandbook of social and clinical psychology: the health perspective
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-6501 · Cited by 660
Klein, D. F. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760160005001 · Cited by 601
Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts.
(1982) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-3-407_5 · Cited by 556
Depression and general psychopathology in university students.
Gotlib, I. H. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.93.1.19 · Cited by 537
Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.1.128 · Cited by 483
Self-citationSymptoms of Anxiety and Symptoms of Depression
Kendler, K. S. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800170073010 · Cited by 442
Classification of Depressed Patients: A Cluster Analysis Derived Grouping
Paykel, E. S. (1971) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.118.544.275 · Cited by 389
Reliability of DSM-III Anxiety Disorder Categories Using a New Structured Interview
Nardo, P. A. D. (1983) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790090032005 · Cited by 380
Specificity of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depression.
Hollon, S. D., Kendall, P. C., & Lumry, A. E. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.1.52 · Cited by 372
Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression
Jardine, R., Martin, N. G., Henderson, A. S., & Rao, D. C. (1984) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370010202 · Cited by 351
Diurnal variation in the positive affects
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Leeka, J. (1989) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00995536 · Cited by 330
Self-citationWatson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.1.127 · Cited by 321
Self-citationHedonic capacity: some conjectures.
Meehl, P. E. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 319
Major Depression in Patients With Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder
Breier, A. F. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790230015002 · Cited by 316
Carroll, B. J. (1973) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330049009 · Cited by 316
Scales For Measuring Depression and Anxiety
Costello, C. G., & Comrey, A. L. (1967) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1967.10544910 · Cited by 303
Neuroticism, extraversion, and related traits in adult twins reared apart and reared together.
Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R. J., McClearn, G. E., & Friberg, L. T. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.950 · Cited by 294
Valkenburg, C. V., Akiskal, H. S., Puzantian, V. R., & Rosenthal, T. L. (1984) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(84)90009-0 · Cited by 283
Self-referent speech and psychopathology: The balance of positive and negative thinking
Kendall, P. C., Howard, B. L., & Hays, R. C. (1989) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01176069 · Cited by 283
The Relationship of Anxiety and Depression: A Review of the Literature
Stavrakaki, C., & Vargo, B. (1986) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.149.1.7 · Cited by 277
Zimmerman, M., & Coryell, W. H. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.55.1.55 · Cited by 275
The Clinical Anxiety Scale: An Instrument Derived from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale
Snaith, R. P., Baugh, S. J., Clayden, A., Husain, A., & Sipple, M. A. (1982) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.141.5.518 · Cited by 271
Taking the Measure of Anxiety and Depression Validity of the Reconstructed Hamilton Scales
Riskind, J. H., Beck, A. T., Brown, G. P., & Steer, R. A. (1987) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198708000-00005 · Cited by 270
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.927 · Cited by 265
Self-citationSyndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder.
Sanderson, W. C., DiNardo, P. A., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.99.3.308 · Cited by 258
Assessment of positive automatic cognition.
Ingram, R., & Wisnicki, K. S. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.898 · Cited by 253
(1989) · Cited by 239
A validation study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales
Aylard, P., Gooding, J. H., McKenna, P. J., & Snaith, R. P. (1987) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90083-3 · Cited by 237
Co-Morbidity and Depression among the Anxiety Disorders
Barlow, D. H., DiNardo, P. A., Vermilyea, B. B., Vermilyea, J. A., & Blanchard, E. B. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198602000-00001 · Cited by 211
Concordance Between Clinical Assessments and Patients' Self-Report in Depression
Prusoff, B. A. (1972) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750240058009 · Cited by 208
Pao, M., & Kazak, A. E. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199335114.003.0012 · Cited by 201
Psychopathology: An Interactional Perspective
Magnusson, D., & Öhman, A. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 192
Borkovec, T. D., & Mathews, A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.877 · Cited by 177
General affective dispositions in physical and psychological health.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Cited by 175
Self-citationClark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. P. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.6.958 · Cited by 171
Depressive Symptoms and Depressive Diagnoses in a Community Population
Blazer, D. G. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360026004 · Cited by 166
Secondary Depression in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Lesser, I. M. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290053007 · Cited by 164
The Psychobiology of the Depressive Disorders
Nasrallah, H. A. (1982) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198205000-00013 · Cited by 163
Happiness: Time Trends, Seasonal Variations, Intersurvey Differences, and Other Mysteries
Smith, T. (1979) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033870 · Cited by 157
Borkovec, T. D., Mathews, A., Chambers, A., Ebrahimi, S., Lytle, R. A., & Nelson, R. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.6.883 · Cited by 151
Depression: Loss of reinforcers of loss of reinforcer effectiveness?
Costello, C. G. (1972) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(72)80084-4 · Cited by 142
Anxiety disorders and depression: contradictions between family study data and DSM-III conventions
Leckman, J. F., Merikangas, K. R., Pauls, D. L., Ba, P., & Weissman, M. M. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.7.880 · Cited by 141
The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis.
Clark, L. A. (1989) · Cited by 140
Self-citationDSM-III generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical investigation of more stringent criteria
Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1985) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(85)90080-0 · Cited by 139
Katon, W. J., & Roy‐Byrne, P. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.337 · Cited by 133
A two-dimensional threshold model of seasonal bipolar affective disorder.
Depue, R. A., Krauss, S. P., & Spoont, M. R. (1987) · Cited by 126
Differentiating anxiety and depression in anxiety disorders: use of rating scales.
Lipman, R. S. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 120
SECONDARY DEPRESSION IN ANXIETY NEUROSIS
CLANCY, J., Noyes, R., Hoenk, P. R., & Slymen, D. J. (1978) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197812000-00003 · Cited by 108
Theoretical and empirical issues in differentiating depression from anxiety.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Cited by 102
Self-citationThayer, R. E. (1987) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992211 · Cited by 99
Clinical and psychobiological characteristics of simultaneous panic disorder and major depression
Grunhaus, L. J. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.10.1214 · Cited by 95
An MMPI Source Book. Basic Item, Scale and Pattern Data on 50,000 Medical Patients.
Ashford, J. R., Swenson, W. M., Pearson, J. S., & Osborne, D. (1975) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2347106 · Cited by 92
Healy, D., & Williams, J. M. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.163 · Cited by 90
Personality resemblance in adoptive families: A 10-year follow-up.
Loehlin, J. C., Willerman, L., & Horn, J. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.961 · Cited by 89
The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating scales
Bramley, P. N., Easton, A. M. E., Morley, S., & Snaith, R. P. (1988) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05089.x · Cited by 88
Simultaneous panic and depressive disorder: response to antidepressant treatments.
Grunhaus, L. J., Rabin, D. M., & Greden, J. F. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 88
Clinical subtypes in panic disorder: Their descriptive and prospective validity
Buller, R., Maier, W., & Benkert, O. (1986) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(86)90015-7 · Cited by 87
Lipman, R. S. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740210072009 · Cited by 86
Klerman, G. L. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090098015 · Cited by 86
Comorbidity among the anxiety disorders
de Ruiter, C., Rijken, H., Garssen, B., Schaik, A. V., & Kraaimaat, F. (1989) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(89)90001-7 · Cited by 82
The association between perceptions of daily experiences and self- and spouse-rated mood
Stone, A. A. (1981) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90047-7 · Cited by 82
Cognitive-behavioral perspectives: Theory and research on depression and anxiety.
Kendall, P. C., & Ingram, R. E. (1989) · Cited by 81
Reliability of Depression and Associated Clinical Symptoms
Cicchetti, D. V. (1983) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080069009 · Cited by 78
Hollister, L. E. (1967) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730280102012 · Cited by 77
The overlap between depression and anxiety on different levels of psychopathology
Hiller, W., Zaudig, M., & von Bose, M. (1989) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(89)90077-3 · Cited by 75
Differentiation of Axis I and Axis II disorders.
Widiger, T. A., & Shea, M. T. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.399 · Cited by 75
Downing, R. W. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760090030005 · Cited by 74
The Hamilton Rating Scale for depression: a factor analysis
Mowbray, R. M. (1972) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700042574 · Cited by 71
Evaluation of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Zimmerman, M. A., Coryell, W. H., Wilson, S., & Corenthal, C. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198603000-00004 · Cited by 71
A comparison of self-reported versus clinician-related symptoms in depression.
Rush, A. J., Hiser, W., & Giles, D. E. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 69
Genetic and environmental variance in content dimensions of the MMPI.
Rose, R. J. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.2.302 · Cited by 66
Distinguishing anxiety and depression with field survey data
Eaton, W. W., & Ritter, C. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700001987 · Cited by 57
Handbook of studies on anxiety
Burrows, G. D., & Davies, B. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 57
The relationship between subjective life expectancy, death anxiety and general anxiety
Handal, P. J. (1969) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196901)25:1 · Cited by 56
Watson, D., & Kendall, P. C. (1989) · Cited by 42
Self-citationCorrelates of a Depressive Typology
Paykel, E. S. (1972) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750260053008 · Cited by 39
Tondo, L., Burrai, C., Scamonatti, L., Weissenburger, J. E., & Rush, A. J. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118423 · Cited by 33
A statistical analysis of the classification of depression in a mixed community and clinical sample
Blazer, D. G., Woodbury, M. A., Hughes, D., George, L. K., Mantón, K. G., Bachar, J. R., & Fowler, N. (1989) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(89)90049-9 · Cited by 31
Deluty, B. M., Deluty, R. H., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_11 · Cited by 22
Screening for depression: use of patient questionnaires.
Kavan, M., Pace, T. M., Ponterotto, J. G., & Barone, E. J. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Judges' Ratings, Self-Ratings and Checklist Report of Affects
Fogel, M. L., Curtis, G. C., Kordasz, F., & Smith, W. G. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.299 · Cited by 13
Behavioral treatments for anxiety and depression.
Foa, E. B., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Kozak, M. J. (1989) · Cited by 10
The place of anxiety in depressive symptomatology.
Widlöcher, D., Lecrubier, Y., & Goc, Y. L. (1983) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb05863.x · Cited by 8
Behavioral models of anxiety and depression.
Rehm, L. P. (1989) · Cited by 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 · Cited by 9,779
Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011 · Cited by 5,128
“PROMIS adopted a hierarchical structure to explain the relationships between self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and anger [20,21].”
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000258 · Cited by 3,335
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. A., & Watson, D.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 1991-08
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 316-336
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2148916146
- Cited by
- 4,601
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 172 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 181 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 223 · 2013: 195 · 2012: 221
- FWCI
- 37.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, anxiety, depression, tripartite model, anhedonia, hyperarousal, convergent and discriminant validity, inter-rater reliability, factor structure, positive affect, diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
