Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression
Abstract
A genetic analysis of the trait of neuroticism and symptoms of anxiety and depression in 3,810 pairs of adult MZ and DZ twins is reported. Differences between people in these measures can be explained simply by differences in their genes and in their individual environmental experiences. There is no evidence that environmental experiences that are shared by cotwins, such as common family environment or social influences, are important. There are differences between the sexes in gene action affecting neuroticism, and genetic effects become more pronounced with age in females. The lack of evidence for dominance variance affecting neuroticism contrasts well with the detection of considerable genetical nonadditivity for extraversion in the same sample and reinforces the view that these two traits are not only statistically, but also genetically, quite independent. An analysis of the causes of covariation between anxiety, depression, and neuroticism shows that additive gene effects are more important causes of covariation than environmental factors. Genetic variation in symptoms of anxiety and depression is largely dependent on the same factors as effect the neuroticism trait. However, there is also evidence for genetic variation specific to depression.
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Jardine et al. found that Neuroticism and anxiety share all their genetic underpinnings.
“Jardine, Martin, Henderson, and Rao (1984) found that N and anxiety share all their genetic underpinnings.”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Jardine, Martin, Henderson, and Rao (1984)
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The relation between frontal EEG asymmetry and the risk for anxiety and depression
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Self-citationPersonality and Anxiety Disorders: A Review
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Self-citationPersonality and psychopathology: Genetic perspectives.
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Comorbidity and the General Neurotic Syndrome
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Netherlands twin family study of anxious depression (NETSAD)
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Depression and the melancholic temperament
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Measurement Models for Sexual Orientation in a Community Twin Sample
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Self-citationEstimating genetic influences on the age‐at‐menarche: A survival analysis approach
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Self-citationThe nosologic relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and major depression
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Personality and anxiety disorders
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Genetic influences on post-natal depressive symptoms: findings from an Australian twin sample
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Symptom-level modelling unravels the shared genetic architecture of anxiety and depression
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Low self-directedness is a better predictor for problematic internet use than high neuroticism
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Causes of Variation in Drinking Habits in a Large Twin Sample
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The Premenstrual Syndrome: A Twin Study
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Sex Differences in Neuroticism: A Quantitative Synthesis of Published Research
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Examining the State-Trait Anxiety Relationship: A Behavioural Genetic Approach
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Self-citationA longitudinal etiologic model for symptoms of anxiety and depression in women
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- Authors
- Jardine, R., Martin, N. G., Henderson, A. S., & Rao, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, N. G.
- Venue
- Genetic Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1984-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89-107
- ISSN
- 0741-0395 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2272
- OpenAlex
- W2118929411
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Genetic Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- neuroticism, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, genetic covariance, twin studies, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, heritability, sex differences, age differences, dominance variance, non-additive genetic effects, extraversion, personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Biometry, Depression, Diseases in Twins, Environment, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Genetic, Neurotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation
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