Control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children and adolscents: Developmental differences and model specificity.

Weisz, John R.; Southam-Gerow, Michael A.; McCarty, Carolyn A.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.97

Cited by 130Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

Control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children and adolscents: Developmental differences and model specificity.

Weisz, John R., Southam-Gerow, Michael A., McCarty, Carolyn A.·2001·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.97

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Abstract

The contingency-competence-control (CCC) model links contingency and competence beliefs to perceived control and, in turn, to depression. However, a developmental perspective suggests that noncontingency may be too abstract a concept to be directly tied to depression before adolescence. We tested the CCC model and this developmental notion, using structural equation modeling, with 360 clinic-referred 8- to 17-year-olds. The CCC model fit the data well for the full sample accounting for 46% of the variance in depression. Separate analyses by age group placed perceived contingency in the best-fit model for adolescents (ages 12-17 years) but not for children (8-11 years). This suggests that abstract cause-effect concepts may have more direct affective impact after the cognitive changes of adolescence (e.g., formal operations) than before. Finally, the CCC model accounted for much more variance in depression than conduct problems, suggesting diagnostic specificity.

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Lack of perceived competence was the strongest predictor of depression in the older group of children and teens.
“Weisz et al. (2001) compared factors related to depressive symptoms in children and teens and found that lack of perceived competence was the strongest predictor of depression in the older group.”
From A hope intervention for adolescents: a randomized controlled trial delivered by paraprofessionals (2025) · cites this paper as Weisz et al., 2001

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Control-related beliefs and depression among clinic-referred children and adolescents.
Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Wasserman, A. A., & Rintoul, B. (1987) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.96.1.58 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
Control-related beliefs and self-reported depressive symptoms in late childhood.
Weisz, J. R., Sweeney, L., Proffitt, V. D., & Carr, T. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.3.411 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental and Social–Contextual Origins of Depressive Control-Related Beliefs and Behavior
Rudolph, K. D., Kurlakowsky, K. D., & Conley, C. S. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005538704056 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: a Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Investigation of the Contingency-competence-control Model
Wright, M. (2010) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/1286

Authors: Weisz, J. R., Southam-Gerow, M. A., & McCarty, C. A.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Weisz, John R.
McCarty, Carolyn A.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001-02
Volume: 110
Issue: 1
Pages: 97-109
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.97
OpenAlex: W2122995682
Cited by: 129
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 6.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001161-05, 5r01mh049522-06)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 49522, K05-MH01161, R01MH057347, R01 MH57347)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: perceived control, depressive symptoms, competence beliefs, developmental differences, children, adolescents, clinic-referred children, conduct problems, diagnostic specificity, cognitive development, formal operations
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Child, Psychology, Child, Depression, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Referral and Consultation, Sampling Studies, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Conduct Disorder

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Control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children and adolscents: Developmental differences and model specificity.

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