Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The Reasons for Living Inventory.
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In one study, people who reported past serious suicidal ideation but had not attempted suicide reported more fear of suicide than people with serious ideation who had attempted.
“individuals who reported a history of “past serious ideation” about suicide (p. 280) but had not attempted suicide reported higher levels of fear of suicide compared to individuals with serious ideation who had acted on this ideation through suicidal behaviors (Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, & Chiles, 1983).”
From The interpersonal theory of suicide. (2010) · cites this paper as Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, & Chiles, 1983
Fear of suicide is one category of reasons people give for not engaging in suicidal behavior.
“Fear of suicide is one category of reasons that individuals give when asked why they do not engage in suicidal behavior (Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, & Chiles, 1983).”
From The interpersonal theory of suicide. (2010) · cites this paper as Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, & Chiles, 1983
Reasons for living, attainable positive future thinking, adaptive goal pursuit, belongingness or connectedness are motivational moderators that buffer against the emergence of suicidal ideation and intent.
“Reasons for living [46], attainable positive future thinking [47,48], adaptive goal pursuit [49], belongingness [12] or connectedness [50] are MMs as they are thought to buffer against the emergence of suicidal ideation and intent”
From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
It goes beyond recent theoretical accounts of ambivalence about suicide, since we posit that one's combined reasons for living and reasons for dying are simultaneously associated with distress, due to the loss of control they may entail.
“However, it goes beyond recent theoretical accounts of ambivalence about suicide (Linehan et al., 1983; Jobes, 2006; Rudd, 2006), since we posit that one’s combined reasons for living and reasons for dying are simultaneously associated with distress, due to the loss of control they may entail.”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Linehan et al., 1983
Aspects such as fear of the pain involved in dying, fear of death, and/or fear of emerging disabled from a suicide attempt might also have an equivalent effect on suicidal ambivalence.
“In addition, aspects such as fear of the pain involved in dying, fear of death (13, 38), and/or fear of emerging disabled from a suicide attempt, that is reasons against dying (“I would so like to be dead, but I don’t dare”), might also have an equivalent effect on suicidal ambivalence.”
From Ambivalence model of suicidality [ABS-model]: an orientation model for the treatment of suicidal individuals (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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“One set of beliefs found in the research had to do with ‘imbuing life and living with specific value’ (Linehan et al., 1983, p. 284).”
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BackgroundLinehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., McDavid, J., Comtois, K. A., & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
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“RFL= Reasons for Living Questionaire (Linehan et al., 1983).”
MethodInfluentialThe European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention
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Suicidal behavior in bipolar mood disorder: clinical characteristics of attempters and nonattempters
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“…2016; Ma et al., 2016; Zalsman et al., 2016; Franklin et al., 2017), mortality risk studies (Björksenstam et al., 2015, 2016; Madsen et al., 2017), measure development (Linehan et al., 1983), and policy analysis (Anestis and Anestis, 2015) into a unified SESPM framework, as presented in Table 1.”
BackgroundThe positive and negative suicide ideation inventory: development and validation
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Suicide Protective Factors Among Trans Adults
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“…in a wide array of samples and have been found to differentiate between past suicide attempters and non-attempters in the general population (Linehan et al., 1983), as well as in samples of individuals hospitalized for mental health reasons (Linehan et al., 1983; Lizardi et al., 2007;…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Relationship Between Psychological Buffers, Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation
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Self-citationProtective Factors Against Suicidal Behavior in Latinos
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“It is based on the RFL (Linehan et al., 1983), which is a 48-item questionnaire that measures potential reasons for not committing suicide in adults.”
MethodInterpersonal problem solving and parasuicide
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Self-citationSex Differences in Clinical Predictors of Suicidal Acts After Major Depression: A Prospective Study
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The Epidemiology of Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young Australians
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“Several reasons for living have been identified, including attraction to life, fear of suicide, repulsion of death, moral objections to suicide, survival and coping beliefs, and a sense of responsibility to family (e.g., Gutierrez et al., 2000; Linehan et al., 1983).”
BackgroundResultHeisel, M. J., Neufeld, E., & Flett, G. L. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1078279 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Combat Exposure and Suicide Risk in Two Samples of Military Personnel
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“Higher scores mean that individuals exhibit higher RFL. RFLI is a well-documented, reliable and validated tool (Cole, 1989; Connell and Meyer, 1991; Dyck, 1991; Linehan et al., 1983; Osman et al., 1999, 1996, 1 93; Range and Penton, 1994; Rich and Bonner, 1987).”
BackgroundInfluentialReasons for Living, Hopelessness, and Suicide Ideation Among Depressed Adults 50 Years or Older
Britton, P. C., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Heisel, M. J., Hirsch, J. K., & Conwell, Y. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31817b609a · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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Rumination and suicidal ideation: The moderating roles of hope and optimism
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Perceived burdensomeness, fearlessness of death, and suicidality among deployed military personnel
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Reasons for Living versus Reasons for Dying: Examining the Internal Debate of Suicide
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Substance use disorders and suicide attempts in bipolar subtypes
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Religion as a Risk Factor for Suicide Attempt and Suicide Ideation Among Depressed Patients
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“Suiciderelated factors were assessed using the Columbia University Suicide History form (Oquendo et al., 2003), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck et al., 1979), and the Reasons for Living inventory (Linehan et al., 1983).”
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Clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression in bipolar disorder: a prospective study
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“Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) (Beck et al., 1979), hopelessness with the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) (Beck et al., 1974), and reasons for living with the Reasons for Living Scale (RFL) (Linehan et al., 1983).”
Future orientation and suicide ideation and attempts in depressed adults ages 50 and over
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“We also measured current hopelessness (Beck et al., 1974), reasons for living (Linehan et al., 1983), and life stressors (Oquendo et al., 2003).”
BackgroundUnderstanding and preventing military suicide.
Bryan, C. J., Jennings, K. W., Jobes, D. A., & Bradley, J. C. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.667321 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A psychometric investigation of the suicide status form II with a psychiatric inpatient sample
Conrad, A. K., Jacoby, A. M., Jobes, D. A., Lineberry, T. W., Shea, C. E., Arnold Ewing, T. D., Schmid, P. J., Ellenbecker, S. M., Lee, J. L., Fritsche, K., et al. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.307 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Assessing Protection from Suicidal Risk: Psychometric Properties of the Suicide Resilience Inventory
Rutter, P. A., Freedenthal, S. L., & Osman, A. (2008) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180701801295 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The Reasons for Living Inventory (Linehan et al., 1983) provided the conceptual framework for other protective self-report inventories such as the Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (Osman et al., 1998) and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (Osman, Gutierrez, Kopper, Barrios, & Chiros, 199…”
MethodHope Theory: A Framework for Understanding Suicidal Action
Grewal, P. K., & Porter, J. E. (2007) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180601100491 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“This trend has been observed with family responsibility, such that the importance of family and children has been negatively related to suicidal ideation (Linehan et al., 1983).”
BackgroundAssociations Between Types of Combat Violence and the Acquired Capability for Suicide
Bryan, C. J., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00023.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
McLaren, S., Gomez, R., Bailey, M., & Horst, R. K. V. D. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.1.89 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Qungasvik Team, Allen, J., Rasmus, S. M., Fok, C. C. T., Charles, B., & Henry, D. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0798-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…a Very Good, Beautiful Life”—Reasons for Life (RL)RL is a cultural adaptation and strengths-based extension of the Brief Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (Osman et al. 1996), which was itself based in the Reasons for Living Inventory (Linehan et al. 1983) orginally devised for adults.”
MethodSuicidal Behavior and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Major Depression
Oquendo, M. A., Harkavy‐Friedman, J., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A. K., Silver, J., & Mann, J. J. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000126706.53615.7b · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Counteracting the Deviance of Depression: Peer Support Groups for Victims
Coates, D., & Winston, T. M. (1983) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00147.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Optimism and suicide ideation among young adult college students
Hirsch, J. K., Conner, K. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2007) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110701249988 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the suicidal behaviors questionnaire
Cotton, C. R., Peters, D. K., & Range, L. M. (1995) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481189508252740 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Correlates of Recent Suicide Attempts in a Triethnic Group of Adolescents
Rew, L., Thomas, N., Horner, S. D., Resnick, M. D., & Beuhring, T. (2001) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00361.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rich, A. R., & Bonner, R. L. (1987) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1987.tb00067.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
- Authors
- Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 276-286
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W3022199017
- Cited by
- 1,083
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- suicide, reasons for living, suicidal ideation, Reasons for Living Inventory, suicide prevention, meaning in life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Set, Psychology, Suicide
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