The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Abstract
The development of an adequate assessment instrument is a necessary prerequisite for social psychological research on loneliness. Two studies provide methodological refinement in the measurement of loneliness. Study 1 presents a revised version of the self-report UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, designed to counter the possible effects of response bias in the original scale, and reports concurrent validity evidence for the revised measure. Study 2 demonstrates that although loneliness is correlated with measures of negative affect, social risk taking, and affiliative tendencies, it is nonetheless a distinct psychological experience.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Russell et al. (1980) tested this scale among 237 individuals and it demonstrated good reliability (Alpha = 0.94).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Russell et al. (1980)
In the citing paper
“The internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) in this study was 0.89.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,060
von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., & Gerstorf, D. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001102 · Cited by 231
Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: Impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being
Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914 · Cited by 211
Pun, V. C., Manjourides, J., & Suh, H. H. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0381-2 · Cited by 220
Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning.
Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.63.1.90 · Cited by 208
Truly, Madly, Deeply: Consumers in the Throes of Material Possession Love
Lastovicka, J. L., & Sirianni, N. J. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/658338 · Cited by 207
Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00164402062003009 · Cited by 232
An Examination of Intimacy and Loneliness in Sex Offenders
Seidman, B. T., Marshall, W. L., Hudson, S. M., & Robertson, P. (1994) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626094009004006 · Cited by 208
Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review
Ingram, I., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Goh, M. C. W., Raftery, D. K., & Dingle, G. A. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13064 · Cited by 206
Social participation and risk of developing dementia
Sommerlad, A., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Röhr, S., Shirai, K., Singh-Manoux, A., & Livingston, G. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00387-0 · Cited by 207
Maes, M., Nelemans, S. A., Danneel, S., Fernández-Castilla, B., Van den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., & Vanhalst, J. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000719 · Cited by 207
Young Suicide Attempters: A Comparison Between a Clinical and an Epidemiological Sample
Grøholt, B., Ekeberg, Ø., Wichstrøm, L., & Haldorsen, T. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200007000-00015 · Cited by 207
A Social Support Intervention to Ease the College Transition: Exploring Main Effects and Moderators
Mattanah, J. F., Ayers, J. F., Brand, B. L., Brooks, L. J., Quimby, J. L., & McNary, S. W. (2010) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.0.0116 · Cited by 205
Adolescent Loneliness and Health in Early Adulthood
Goosby, B. J., Bellatorre, A., Walsemann, K. M., & Cheadle, J. E. (2013) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12018 · Cited by 231
Virtual Cultivation: Online Worlds, Offline Perceptions
Williams, D. C. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00004.x · Cited by 203
Use of Direct Versus Indirect Approaches to Measure Loneliness in Later Life
Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L. (2012) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027511423258 · Cited by 201
Comparison of Sex Offenders to Nonoffenders on Selected Psychological Measures
Fisher, D. D., Beech, A. R., & Browne, K. D. (1999) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x99434006 · Cited by 201
Tsai, H.-H., Tsai, Y.-F., Wang, H.-H., Chang, Y.-C., & Chu, H. H. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.501057 · Cited by 197
(2002) · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.116 · Cited by 199
Loneliness across time and space
Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1 · Cited by 197
Psychosocial factors and adult onset rapidly progressive periodontitis
da Silva, A. M. M., Oakley, D. A., Newman, H. N., Nohl, F. S. A., & Lloyd, H. M. (1996) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1996.tb00611.x · Cited by 197
Low Social Support and Major Depression
Lakey, B., & Cronin, A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045078-0.00017-4 · Cited by 194
Home and host culture influences on sojourner adjustment
Ward, C. A., & Rana-Deuba, A. (2000) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(00)00002-x · Cited by 196
Is compulsive internet use related to sensitivity to reward and punishment, and impulsivity?
Meerkerk, G., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Franken, I. H. A., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.009 · Cited by 206
Religious Attendance and Loneliness in Later Life
Rote, S. M., Hill, T. D., & Ellison, C. G. (2012) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gns063 · Cited by 197
Ma, R., Mann, F., Wang, J., Lloyd‐Evans, B., Terhune, J., Al-Shihabi, A., & Johnson, S. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01800-z · Cited by 209
Anderson, C. A. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025004007 · Cited by 193
On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws173 · Cited by 187
Santini, Z. I., Fiori, K. L., Feeney, J. C., Tyrovolas, S., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.032 · Cited by 216
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study
Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G., Dolan, C. V., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-6040-8 · Cited by 191
Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Role of Psychological Factors
McDonald, E. R. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540130027010 · Cited by 193
Validation of emotional intelligence scale in Chinese university students
Shi, J., & Wang, L. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.012 · Cited by 206
Consensus statement: loneliness in older adults, the 21st century social determinant of health?
PROHASKA, T. R., Burholt, V., Burns, A., Golden, J., Hawkley, L. C., LAWLOR, B. A., Leavey, G., Lubben, J., O’Sullivan, R., Perissinotto, C. M., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034967 · Cited by 211
Positive mood and social relatedness as information about meaning in life
Hicks, J. A., & King, L. A. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271108 · Cited by 193
Religiosity and psychological well‐being
Leondari, A., & Gialamas, V. (2008) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590701700529 · Cited by 190
Loneliness in older persons: a theoretical model and empirical findings
Cohen‐Mansfield, J., & Parpura‐Gill, A. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206004200 · Cited by 189
Mounts, N. S., Valentiner, D. P., Anderson, K. L., & Boswell, M. K. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9002-9 · Cited by 189
Hodgson, S., Watts, I. V. C., Fraser, S. D., Roderick, P., & Dambha‐Miller, H. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076820918236 · Cited by 200
Measuring loneliness in different relationships.
Schmidt, N. L., & Sermat, V. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1038 · Cited by 188
Loneliness and nursing home admission among rural older adults.
Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., de la Mora, A., & Wallace, R. B. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.12.4.574 · Cited by 209
Self-citationA systematic review of loneliness and smoking: small effects, big implications
Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W. (2015) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933 · Cited by 187
Reid, R. C., Li, D. S., Gilliland, R., Stein, J. A., & FONG, T. W. (2011) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2011.607047 · Cited by 187
Morgenstern, J., Langenbucher, J. L., Labouvie, E. W., & Miller, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.74 · Cited by 240
Predictors of non-suicidal self-injury versus attempted suicide: similar or different?
Wichstr⊘m, L. (2009) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110902834992 · Cited by 186
Loneliness and acute stress reactivity: A systematic review of psychophysiological studies
Brown, E. G., Gallagher, S., & Creaven, A. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13031 · Cited by 262
Tokunaga, R. S., & Rains, S. A. (2010) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01386.x · Cited by 210
Social support processes: mediators of attachment state of mind and adjustment in late adolescence
Larose, S., & Bernier, A. (2001) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730010024762 · Cited by 186
A Practical Approach to Assessing and Mitigating Loneliness and Isolation in Older Adults
Perissinotto, C. M., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Periyakoil, V. S., & Covinsky, K. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15746 · Cited by 209
Walker, D., & Beauchene, R. E. (1991) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01111-1 · Cited by 186
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221077227 · Cited by 192
Religious Participation, Interleukin-6, and Mortality in Older Adults.
Lutgendorf, S. K., Russell, D., Ullrich, P., Harris, T. B., & Wallace, R. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.465 · Cited by 184
Self-citationJordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210390822 · Cited by 182
Psychosocial Correlates of Internalized Homophobia in Lesbians
Szymanski, D. M., Chung, Y. B., & Balsam, K. F. (2001) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2001.12069020 · Cited by 184
Loneliness in autistic adults: A systematic review
Umagami, K., Remington, A., Lloyd‐Evans, B., Davies, J., & Crane, L. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221077721 · Cited by 218
Loneliness and Pet Ownership among Single Women
Zasloff, R. L., & Kidd, A. H. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.747 · Cited by 184
Social Networks and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kovács, B., Caplan, N., Grob, S., & King, M. D. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120985254 · Cited by 201
Brain Structure Links Loneliness to Social Perception
Kanai, R., Bahrami, B., Duchaine, B., Janik, A., Banissy, M. J., & Rees, G. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.045 · Cited by 181
Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Nitzberg, R. A., EREZ, A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2005) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2005.00124.x · Cited by 181
Ruehlman, L. S., & Karoly, P. (1991) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.97 · Cited by 181
Loneliness and Depression in Middle and Old Age: Are the Childless More Vulnerable?
Koropeckyj‐Cox, T. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/53b.6.s303 · Cited by 181
Rehabilitating sexual offenders: A strength-based approach.
Marshall, W. L., & American Psychological Association (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12310-000 · Cited by 181
Davis, M. H., Morris, M. M., & Kraus, L. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.468 · Cited by 180
Gender Differences in the Psychosocial Correlates of Suicidal Ideation Among Adolescents
Rich, A. R., Kirkpatrick‐Smith, J., Bonner, R. L., & Jans, F. (1992) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1992.tb00741.x · Cited by 179
Couch, L. L., & Jones, W. H. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2186 · Cited by 179
Emotional and social consequences of age-related low vision
Burmedi, D., Becker, S., Heyl, V., Wahl, H., & Himmelsbach, I. (2002) · Visual Impairment Research · doi:10.1076/vimr.4.1.47.15634 · Cited by 179
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022610 · Cited by 198
Social skills, social support, and psychosocial adjustment
Riggio, R. E., Watring, K. P., & Throckmorton, B. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90217-q · Cited by 178
Internet Use and Psychological Wellness during Late Adulthood
ERICKSON, J. D., & Johnson, G. M. (2011) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980811000109 · Cited by 194
Interparental Conflict and Family Cohesion
Johnson, H. D., LaVoie, J. C., & Mahoney, M. (2001) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558401163004 · Cited by 176
As, B. A. L. V., Imbimbo, E., Franceschi, A., Menesini, E., & Nocentini, A. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221000399 · Cited by 203
Leung, G. T. Y., Gierveld, J. D. J., & LAM, L. C. W. (2008) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610208007552 · Cited by 182
The separateness of social and emotional loneliness in childhood
Qualter, P., & Munn, P. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00016 · Cited by 174
Can You Hear Me Now? The Impact of Voice in an Online Gaming Community
Williams, D. C., Caplan, S. E., & Xiong, L. (2007) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00306.x · Cited by 173
Kang, H.-W., Park, M., & Wallace, J. P. (2016) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 195
Chronic loneliness and television use
Perse, E. M., & RUBIN, A. M. (1990) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159009386724 · Cited by 173
A Psychometric Typology of Child Abusers
Beech, A. R. (1998) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x9804200405 · Cited by 174
Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12406 · Cited by 171
The Social Dimension of Blogging about Health: Health Blogging, Social Support, and Well-being
Rains, S. A., & Keating, D. M. (2011) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2011.618142 · Cited by 190
Kim, M.-G., & Kim, J. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.010 · Cited by 193
Dimensions of perfectionism, psychosocial adjustment, and social skills
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Rosa, T. D. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00170-0 · Cited by 184
Social Tuning of the Self: Consequences for the Self-Evaluations of Stereotype Targets.
Sinclair, S. A., Huntsinger, J. R., Skorinko, J. L. M., & Hardin, C. D. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.160 · Cited by 173
Christiansen, J. A., Larsen, F. B., & Lasgaard, M. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.020 · Cited by 180
Shvedko, A. V., Phillips, A. C., Thompson, J. L., & Greig, C. A. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.003 · Cited by 194
Shiovitz‐Ezra, S., & Leitsch, S. A. (2010) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/34.3.157 · Cited by 176
Krause‐Parello, C. A. (2012) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.12.005 · Cited by 176
Saito, T., Kai, I., & Takizawa, A. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.04.002 · Cited by 181
General health mediates the relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and depression
Swami, V., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., Sinniah, D., Maniam, T., Kannan, K., Stanistreet, D., & Furnham, A. F. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0140-5 · Cited by 181
King, D. L., Delfabbro, P., Zwaans, T., & Kaptsis, D. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413491159 · Cited by 173
Continuity of psychopathology in a community sample of adolescents
ORVASCHEL, H., LEWINSOHN, P. M., & SEELEY, J. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199511000-00020 · Cited by 169
Liu, L., & Guo, Q. (2008) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-008-9370-1 · Cited by 169
Wu, C., & Yao, G. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.003 · Cited by 169
SHARE Wave 4: Innovations & Methodology
Malter, F., & Borsch-Supan, A. H. (2013) · ASEP · Cited by 169
Toward a model of positive health.
Seeman, J. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.44.8.1099 · Cited by 171
Hörnquist, J. O. (1990) · Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine · doi:10.1177/140349489001800111 · Cited by 168
Tsai, H.-H., & Tsai, Y.-F. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1678 · Cited by 167
“As shown in Table 3, the average UCLA Loneliness Scale score of the experimental group was higher at baseline than that of the comparison group (beta = 3.94, P = .09).”
MethodInfluentialDevelopment of loneliness in midlife and old age: Its nature and correlates.
von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., Hansen, T., & Gerstorf, D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000219 · Cited by 184
Arimoto, A., & Tadaka, E. (2019) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0792-4 · Cited by 166
Riggio, R. E., Throckmorton, B., & Depaola, S. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90188-w · Cited by 167
Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure.
Solano, C. H., Batten, P. G., & Parish, E. A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.3.524 · Cited by 167
Colder Carras, M., Van Rooij, A. J., Van de Mheen, D., Musci, R., Xue, Q.-L., & Mendelson, T. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.060 · Cited by 166
A Brief Measure of Loneliness Suitable for Use with Adolescents
ROBERTS, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1379 · Cited by 168
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E.
- ORCID
- Cutrona, Carolyn E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-480
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4243663932
- Cited by
- 5,173
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 308 · 2025: 361 · 2024: 352 · 2023: 371 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 381 · 2020: 274 · 2019: 209 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 161 · 2015: 169 · 2014: 148 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 17.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness, psychometric validation, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, scale revision
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Social Isolation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review